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Features
* 8-bit Microcontroller Compatible with 8051 Products * Enhanced 8051 Architecture
- Single Clock Cycle per Byte Fetch - 12 Clock per Machine Cycle Compatibility Mode - Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz Clock Frequency - Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 20 MHz - On-chip 2-cycle Hardware Multiplier - 256 x 8 Internal RAM - External Data/Program Memory Interface - Dual Data Pointers - 4-level Interrupt Priority Nonvolatile Program and Data Memory - 4K/8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Program Memory - 256 Bytes of Flash Data Memory - 256-byte User Signature Array - Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles - Serial Interface for Program Downloading - 64-byte Fast Page Programming Mode - 3-level Program Memory Lock for Software Security - In-Application Programming of Program Memory Peripheral Features - Three 16-bit Timer/Counters with Clock Out Modes - Enhanced UART * Automatic Address Recognition * Framing Error Detection * SPI and TWI Emulation Modes - Programmable Watchdog Timer with Software Reset and Prescaler Special Microcontroller Features - Brown-out Detection and Power-on Reset with Power-off Flag - Selectable Polarity External Reset Pin - Low Power Idle and Power-down Modes - Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode - Internal 1.8432 MHz Auxiliary Oscillator I/O and Packages - Up to 36 Programmable I/O Lines - Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packages * 40-lead PDIP * 44-lead TQFP/PLCC * 44-pad VQFN/MLF - Configurable Port Modes (per 8-bit port) * Quasi-bidirectional (80C51 Style) * Input-only (Tristate) * Push-pull CMOS Output * Open-drain Operating Conditions - 2.4V to 5.5V VCC Voltage Range - -40 C to 85C Temperature Range - 0 to 20 MHz @ 2.4V-5.5V - 0 to 25 MHz @ 4.5V-5.5V
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8-bit Microcontroller with 8K Bytes In-System Programmable Flash AT89LP51 AT89LP52 Preliminary
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1. Pin Configurations
1.1 40-lead PDIP
(T2) P1.0 (T2 EX) P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 (MOSI) P1.5 (MISO) P1.6 (SCK) P1.7 RST (RXD) P3.0 (TXD) P3.1 (INT0) P3.2 (INT1) P3.3 (T0) P3.4 (T1) P3.5 (WR) P3.6 (RD) P3.7 (XTAL2) P4.1 (XTAL1) P4.0 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 VCC P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7) POL P4.2 (ALE) P4.3 (PSEN) P2.7 (A15) P2.6 (A14) P2.5 (A13) P2.4 (A12) P2.3 (A11) P2.2 (A10) P2.1 (A9) P2.0 (A8)
1.2
44-lead TQFP
P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 (T2 EX) P1.0 (T2) *NC VCC P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
(MOSI) P1.5 (MISO) P1.6 (SCK) P1.7 RST (RXD) P3.0 *NC (TXD) P3.1 (INT0) P3.2 (INT1) P3.3 (T0) P3.4 (T1) P3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7) POL *NC P4.4 (ALE) P4.5 (PSEN) P2.7 (A15) P2.6 (A14) P2.5 (A13)
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(WR) P3.6 (RD) P3.7 (XTAL2) P4.7 (XTAL1) P4.6 GND *NC (A8) P2.0 (A9) P2.1 (A10) P2.2 (A11) P2.3 (A12) P2.4
AT89LP51/52 - Preliminary
1.3
44-lead PLCC
P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 (T2 EX) P1.0 (T2) *NC VCC P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3)
1.4
44-pad VQFN/QFN/MLF
P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1/T2EX P1.0/T2 *NC VDD P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 MOSI/P1.5 MISO/P1.6 SCK/P1.7 RST RXD/P3.0 *NC TXD/P3.1 INT0/P3.2 INT1/P3.3 T0/P3.4 T1/P3.5 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34
(WR) P3.6 (RD) P3.7 (XTAL2) P4.7 (XTAL1) P4.6 GND *NC (A8) P2.0 (A9) P2.1 (A10) P2.2 (A11) P2.3 (A12) P2.4
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(MOSI) P1.5 (MISO) P1.6 (SCK) P1.7 RST (RXD) P3.0 *NC (TXD) P3.1 (INT0) P3.2 (INT1) P3.3 (T0) P3.4 (T1) P3.5
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
6 5 4 3 2 1 44 43 42 41 40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29
P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7) POL *NC P4.4 (ALE) P4.5 (PSEN) P2.7 (A15) P2.6 (A14) P2.5 (A13)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7 POL *NC P4.4/ALE P4.5/PSEN P2.7/A15 P2.6/A14 P2.5/A13
WR/P3.6 RD/P3.7 XTAL2/P4.7 XTAL1/P4.6 GND *NC A8/P2.0 A9/P2.1 A10/P2.2 A11/P2.3 A12/P2.4
NOTE: Bottom pad should be soldered to ground
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1.5
Pin Description
AT89LP51/52 Pin Description
Pin Number PDIP 6 VQFN 1 Symbol P1.5 Type I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O Description P1.5: I/O Port 1 bit 5. MOSI: SPI master-out/slave-in. In UART SPI mode this pin is an output. During InSystem Programming, this pin is an input. P1.6: I/O Port 1 bit 6. MISO: SPI master-in/slave-out. In UART SPI mode this pin is an input. During InSystem Programming, this pin is an output. P1.7: I/O Port 1 bit 7. SCK: SPI Clock. In UART SPI mode this pin is an output. During In-System Programming, this pin is an input. RST: External Reset input (Reset polarity depends on POL pin. See "External Reset" on page 32.). The RST pin can output a pulse when the internal Watchdog reset is active. P3.0: I/O Port 3 bit 0. RXD: Serial Port Receiver Input. Not internally connected P3.1: I/O Port 3 bit 1. TXD: Serial Port Transmitter Output. P3.2: I/O Port 3 bit 2. INT0: External Interrupt 0 Input or Timer 0 Gate Input. P3.3: I/O Port 3 bit 3. INT1: External Interrupt 1 Input or Timer 1 Gate Input P3.4: I/O Port 3 bit 4. T1: Timer/Counter 0 External input or output. P3.5: I/O Port 3 bit 5. T1: Timer/Counter 1 External input or output. P3.6: I/O Port 3 bit 6. WR: External memory interface Write Strobe (active-low). P3.7: I/O Port 3 bit 7. RD: External memory interface Read Strobe (active-low). P4.7: I/O Port 4 bit 7. XTAL2: Output from inverting oscillator amplifier. It may be used as a port pin if the internal RC oscillator or external clock is selected as the clock source. P4.6: I/O Port 4 bit 6. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and internal clock generation circuits. It may be used as a port pin if the internal RC oscillator is selected as the clock source. Ground Not internally connected P2.0: I/O Port 2 bit 0. A8: External memory interface Address bit 8. P2.1: I/O Port 2 bit 1. A9: External memory interface Address bit 9. P2.2: I/O Port 2 bit 2. A10: External memory interface Address bit 10.
Table 1-1.
TQFP 1
PLCC 7
2
8
7
2
P1.6
3
9
8
3
P1.7
4
10
9
4
RST
I/O
5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16
10
5 6
P3.0
I/O I NC
11 12 13 14
7 8 9 10
P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4
I/O O I/O I I/O I I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O O I/O O I/O O
11
17
15
1
P3.5
12
18
16
12
P3.6
13
19
17
13
P3.7
14
20
18
14
P4.7
15
21
19
15
P4.6
I/O I
16 17 18 19 20
22 23 24 25 26
20
16 17
GND
I NC
21 22 23
18 19 20
P2.0 P2.1 P2.1
I/O O I/O O I/O O
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Table 1-1.
TQFP 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
AT89LP51/52 Pin Description
Pin Number PDIP 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 VQFN 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 1 2 3 4 5 40 41 42 43 44 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 POL P0.7 P0.6 P0.5 P0.4 P0.3 P0.2 P0.1 P0.0 VDD Symbol P2.3 P2.4 P2.5 P2.6 P2.7 P4.5 P4.4 Type I/O O I/O O I/O O I/O O I/O O I/O O I/O O NC I I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I NC I/O I/O I/O I I/O I/O I/O Description P2.3: I/O Port 2 bit 3. A11: External memory interface Address bit 11. P2.4: I/O Port 2 bit 5. A12: External memory interface Address bit 12. P2.5: I/O Port 2 bit 5. A13: External memory interface Address bit 13. P2.6: I/O Port 2 bit 6. A14: External memory interface Address bit 14. P2.7: I/O Port 2 bit 7. A15: External memory interface Address bit 15. P4.5: I/O Port 4 bit 5. PSEN: External memory interface Program Store Enable (active-low). P4.4: I/O Port 4 bit 4. ALE: External memory interface Address Latch Enable. Not internally connected POL: Reset polarity (See "External Reset" on page 32.) P0.7: I/O Port 0 bit 7. AD7: External memory interface Address/Data bit 7. P0.6: I/O Port 0 bit 6. AD6: External memory interface Address/Data bit 6. P0.5: I/O Port 0 bit 5. AD5: External memory interface Address/Data bit 5. P0.4: I/O Port 0 bit 4. AD4: External memory interface Address/Data bit 4. P0.3: I/O Port 0 bit 3. AD3: External memory interface Address/Data bit 3. P0.2: I/O Port 0 bit 2. AD2: External memory interface Address/Data bit 2. P0.1: I/O Port 0 bit 1. AD1: External memory interface Address/Data bit 1. P0.0: I/O Port 0 bit 0. AD0: External memory interface Address/Data bit 0. Supply Voltage Not internally connected P1.0: I/O Port 1 bit 0. T2: Timer 2 External Input or Clock Output. P1.1: I/O Port 1 bit 1. T2EX: Timer 2 External Capture/Reload Input. P1.2: I/O Port 1 bit 2. P1.3: I/O Port 1 bit 3. P1.4: I/O Port 1 bit 4.
PLCC 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 1 2 3 4 5 6
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2. Overview
The AT89LP51/52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K/8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash program memory and 256 bytes of Flash data memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C52 instruction set. The AT89LP51/52 is built around an enhanced CPU core that can fetch a single byte from memory every clock cycle. In the classic 8051 architecture, each fetch requires 6 clock cycles, forcing instructions to execute in 12, 24 or 48 clock cycles. In the AT89LP51/52 CPU, instructions need only 1 to 4 clock cycles providing 6 to 12 times more throughput than the standard 8051. Seventy percent of instructions need only as many clock cycles as they have bytes to execute, and most of the remaining instructions require only one additional clock. The enhanced CPU core is capable of 20 MIPS throughput whereas the classic 8051 CPU can deliver only 4 MIPS at the same current consumption. Conversely, at the same throughput as the classic 8051, the new CPU core runs at a much lower speed and thereby greatly reducing power consumption and EMI. The AT89LP51/52 also includes a compatibility mode that will enable classic 12 clock per machine cycle operation for true timing compatibility with AT89S51/52. The AT89LP51/52 provides the following standard features: 4K/8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash program memory, 256 bytes of Flash data memory, 256 bytes of RAM, up to 36 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a programmable watchdog timer, a full-duplex serial port, an on-chip crystal oscillator, an internal 1.8432 MHz auxiliary oscillator, and a four-level, six-vector interrupt system. A block diagram is shown in Figure 2-1. All three timer/counters of the AT89LP51/52, Timer 0, Timer 1 and Timer 2, can be configured to toggle a port pin on overflow for clock/waveform generation. Unlike AT89S51, Timer 2 is also present on AT89LP51. The enhanced full-duplex UART of the AT89LP51/52 includes Framing Error Detection and Automatic Address Recognition. In addition, enhancements to Mode 0 allow hardware accelerated emulation of a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or a Two-Wire Interface (TWI). The Watchdog Timer of the AT89LP51/52 includes a 7-bit prescaler, a software reset command and an overflow flag. The watchdog can be configured to output a reset pulse on the external Reset pin. Each 8-bit I/O port of the AT89LP51/52 can be independently configured in one of four operating modes. In quasi-bidirectional mode, the port operates as in the classic 8051. In input-only mode, the port is tristated. Push-pull output mode provides full CMOS drivers and open-drain mode provides just a pull-down. Unlike other 8051s, this allows Port 0 to operate with on-chip pull-ups if desired.
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2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2-1. AT89LP51/52 Block Diagram
4K/8K Bytes Flash Code 256 Bytes Flash Data 256 Bytes RAM XRAM Interface
8051 Single Cycle CPU
with 12-cycle Compatibility
Port 0 Configurable I/O
UART
Port 1 Configurable I/O
16-bit Timer 0 16-bit Timer 1
Port 2 Configurable I/O
16-bit Timer 2
Port 3 Configurable I/O
Watchdog Timer
Port 4 Configurable I/O
POR BOD
Crystal or Resonator
Configurable Oscillator
RC Auxiliary Oscillator
2.2
Comparison to AT89S51/52
The AT89LP51/52 is part of a family of devices with enhanced features that are fully binary compatible with the 8051 instruction set. The AT89LP51/52 has two modes of operations, Compatibility mode and Fast mode. In Compatibility mode the instruction timing, peripheral behavior, SFR addresses, bit assignments and pin functions are identical to Atmel's existing AT89S51/52 product. Additional enhancements are transparent to the user and can be used if desired. Fast mode allows greater performance, but with some differences in behavior. The major enhancements from the AT89S51/52 are outlined in the following paragraphs and may be useful to users migrating to the AT89LP51/52 from older devices. A summary of the differences between Compatibility and Fast modes is given in Table 2-1 on page 9. See also the Application note "Migrating from AT89S52 to AT89LP52."
2.2.1
Instruction Execution In Compatibility mode the AT89LP51/52 CPU uses the six-state machine cycle of the standard 8051 where instruction bytes are fetched every three system clock cycles. Execution times in this mode are identical to AT89S51/52. For greater performance the user can enable Fast mode
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by disabling the Compatibility fuse. In Fast mode the CPU fetches one code byte from memory every clock cycle instead of every three clock cycles. This greatly increases the throughput of the CPU. Each standard instruction executes in only 1 to 4 clock cycles. See "Instruction Set Summary" on page 75 for more details. Any software delay loops or instruction-based timing operations may need to be retuned to achieve the desired results in Fast mode. 2.2.2 System Clock By default in Compatibility mode the system clock frequency is divided by 2 from the externally supplied XTAL1 frequency for compatibility with standard 8051s (12 clocks per machine cycle). The System Clock Divider can scale the system clock versus the oscillator source (See Section 6.4 on page 30). The divide-by-2 can be disabled to operate in X2 mode (6 clocks per machine cycle) or the clock may be further divided to reduce the operating frequency. In Fast mode the clock divider defaults to divide by 1. The system clock source is selectable between the crystal oscillator, an externally driven clock and an internal 1.8432 MHz auxiliary oscillator. 2.2.3 Reset The RST pin of the AT89LP51/52 has selectable polarity using the POL pin (formerly EA). When POL is high the RST pin is active high with a pull-down resistor and when POL is low the RST pin is active low with a pull-up resistor. For existing AT89S51/52 sockets where EA is tied to VDD, replacing AT89S51/52 with AT89LP51/52 will maintain the active high reset. Note that forcing external execution by tying EA low is not supported. The AT89LP51/52 includes an on-chip Power-On Reset and Brown-out Detector circuit that ensures that the device is reset from system power up. In most cases a RC startup circuit is not required on the RST pin, reducing system cost, and the RST pin may be left unconnected if a board-level reset is not present. 2.2.4 Timer/Counters A common prescaler is available to divide the time base for Timer 0, Timer 1, Timer 2 and the WDT. The TPS3-0 bits in the CLKREG SFR control the prescaler (Table 6-2 on page 30). In Compatibility mode TPS3-0 defaults to 0101B, which causes the timers to count once every machine cycle. The counting rate can be adjusted linearly from the system clock rate to 1/16 of the system clock rate by changing TPS3-0. In Fast mode TPS3-0 defaults to 0000B, or the system clock rate. TPS does not affect Timer 2 in Clock Out or Baud Generator modes. In Compatibility mode the sampling of the external Timer/Counter pins: T0, T1, T2 and T2EX; and the external interrupt pins, INT0 and INT1, is also controlled by the prescaler. In Fast mode these pins are always sampled at the system clock rate. Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 can toggle their respective counter pins, T0 and T1, when they overflow by setting the output enable bits in TCONB. The Watchdog Timer includes a 7-bit prescaler for longer timeout periods than the AT89S51/52. Note that in Fast Mode the WDIDLE and DISRTO bits are located in WDTCON and not in AUXR. 2.2.5 Interrupt Handling With the addition of the IPH register, the AT89LP51/52 provides four levels of interrupt priority for greater flexibility in handling multiple interrupts. Also, Fast mode allows for faster interrupt response due to the shorter instruction execution times.
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2.2.6 Serial Port The timer prescaler increases the range of achievable baud rates when using Timer 1 to generate the baud rate in UART Modes 1 or 3, including an increase in the maximum baud rate available in Compatibility mode. Additional features include automatic address recognition and framing error detection. The shift register mode (Mode 0) has been enhanced with more control of the polarity, phase and frequency of the clock and full-duplex operation. This allows emulation of master serial pheriperal (SPI) and two-wire (TWI) interfaces. 2.2.7 I/O Ports The P0, P1, P2 and P3 I/O ports of the AT89LP51/52 may be configured in four different modes. The default setting depends on the Tristate-Port User Fuse. When the fuse is set all the I/O ports revert to input-only (tristated) mode at power-up or reset. When the fuse is not active, ports P1, P2 and P3 start in quasi-bidirectional mode and P0 starts in open-drain mode. P4 always operates in quasi-bidirectional mode. P0 can be configured to have internal pull-ups by placing it in quasi-bidirectional or output modes. This can reduce system cost by removing the need for external pull-ups on Port 0. The P4.4-P4.7 pins are additional I/Os that replace the normally dedicated ALE, PSEN, XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins of the AT89S51/52. These pins can be used as additional I/Os depending on the configuration of the clock and external memory. 2.2.8 Security The AT89LP51/52 does not support the extenal access pin (EA). Therefore it is not possible to execute from external program memory in address range 0000H-1FFFH. When the third Lockbit is enabled (Lock Mode 4) external program execution is disabled for all addresses above 1FFFH. This differs from AT89S51/52 where Lock Mode 4 prevents EA from being sampled low, but may still allow external execution at addresses outside the 8K internal space. 2.2.9 Programming The AT89LP51/52 supports a richer command set for In-System Programming (ISP). Existing AT89S51/52 programmers should be able to program the AT89LP51/52 in byte mode. In page mode the AT89LP51/52 only supports programming of a half-page of 64 bytes and therefore requires an extra address byte as compared to AT89S51/52. Furthermore the device signature is located at addresses 0000H, 0001H and 0003H instead of 0000H, 0100H and 0200H.
Table 2-1.
Feature
Compatibility Mode versus Fast Mode Summary
Compatibility 3 6, 12, 18 or 24 2 6 Prescaler Rate 12 AUXR Fast 1 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 1 1 System Clock 2 WDTCON
Instruction Fetch in System Clocks Instruction Execution Time in System Clocks Default System Clock Divisor Default Timer Prescaler Divisor Pin Sampling Rate (INT0, INT1, T0, T1, T2, T2EX) Minimum RST input pulse in System Clocks WDIDLE and DISRTO bit locations
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3. Memory Organization
The AT89LP51/52 uses a Harvard Architecture with separate address spaces for program and data memory. The program memory has a regular linear address space with support for 64K bytes of directly addressable application code. The data memory has 256 bytes of internal RAM and 128 bytes of Special Function Register I/O space. The AT89LP51/52 supports up to 64K bytes of external data memory, with portions of the external data memory space implemented on chip as nonvolatile Flash data memory. External program memory is supported for addresses above 8K. The memory address spaces of the AT89LP51/52 are listed in Table 3-1. Table 3-1.
Name DATA IDATA SFR FDATA XDATA CODE XCODE SIG
AT89LP51/52 Memory Address Spaces
Description Directly addressable internal RAM Indirectly addressable internal RAM and stack space Directly addressable I/O register space On-chip nonvolatile Flash data memory External data memory On-chip nonvolatile Flash program memory External program memory On-chip nonvolatile Flash signature array Range 00H-7FH 00H-FFH 80H-FFH 0000H-00FFH 0100H-FFFFH 0000H-0FFFH (AT89LP51) 0000H-1FFFH (AT89LP52) 2000H-FFFFH (AT89LP51) 1000H-FFFFH (AT89LP52) 0000H-01FFH
3.1
Program Memory
The AT89LP51/52 contains 4K/8K bytes of on-chip In-System Programmable Flash memory for program storage, plus support for up to 60K/56K bytes of external program memory. The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles and a minimum data retention time of 10 years. The reset and interrupt vectors are located within the first 83 bytes of program memory (refer to Table 9-1 on page 37). Constant tables can be allocated within the entire 64K program memory address space for access by the MOVC instruction. A map of the AT89LP51/52 program memory is shown in Figure 3-1. Figure 3-1. Program Memory Map
AT89LP51 User Signature Array 0100 007F 0000 FFFF External Program Memory (XCODE: 60KB) 2000 1FFF Internal Program Memory (CODE: 4KB) Atmel Signature Array 0100 007F 0000 FFFF External Program Memory (XCODE: 56KB) SIGEN=0 1000 0FFF 0000 Internal Program Memory (CODE: 8KB) Atmel Signature Array 01FF AT89LP52 User Signature Array SIGEN=1
01FF
0000
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3.1.1 External Program Memory Interface The AT89LP51/52 uses the standard 8051 external program memory interface with the upper address on Port 2, the lower address and data in/out multiplexed on Port 0, and the ALE and PSEN strobes. Program memory addresses are always 16-bits wide, even though the actual amount of program memory used may be less than 64K byes. External program execution sacrifices two full 8-bit ports, P0 and P2, to the function of addressing the program memory. Figure 3-2 shows a hardware configuration for accessing up to 64K bytes of external ROM using a 16-bit linear address. Port 0 serves as a multiplexed address/data bus to the ROM. The Address Latch Enable strobe (ALE) is used to latch the lower address byte into an external register so that Port 0 can be freed for data input/output. Port 2 provides the upper address byte throughout the operation. PSEN strobes the external memory. Figure 3-3 shows the timing of the external program memory interface. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/3 of the system clock with a 1/3 duty cycle. PSEN is emitted at a similar rate, but with 50% duty cycle. The new address changes in the middle of the ALE pulse for latching on the falling edge and is tristated at the falling edge of PSEN. The instruction data is sampled from P0 and latched internally during the high phase of the clock prior to the rising edge of PSEN. This timing applies to both Compatibility and Fast modes. In Compatibility mode there is no difference in instruction timing between internal and external execution. Figure 3-2. Executing from External Program Memory
AT89LP EXTERNAL PROGRAM MEMORY INSTR.
P1
P0
ALE LATCH P3 P2 PSEN OE ADDR
Figure 3-3.
CLK
External Program Memory Fetches
ALE
PSEN
DATA SAMPLED DATA SAMPLED FLOAT PCL OUT DATA SAMPLED PCL OUT
P0
PCL OUT
P2
PCH OUT
PCH OUT
PCH OUT
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In order for Fast mode to fetch externally, two wait states must be inserted for every clock cycle, increasing the instruction execution time by a factor of 3. However, due to other optimizations, external Fast mode instructions may still be 1/4 to 1/2 faster than their Compatibility mode equivalents. Note that if ALE is allowed to toggle in Fast mode, there is a possibility that when the CPU jumps from internal to external execution a short pulse may occur on ALE as shown in Figure 3-4. The setup time from the address to the falling edge of ALE remains the same. However, this behavior can be avoided by setting the DISALE bit prior to any jump above the 8K border. Figure 3-4.
CLK ALE
DISALE=0 SHORT PULSE
Internal/External Program Memory Boundary (Fast Mode)
ALE
DISALE=1 INTERNAL EXECUTION EXTERNAL EXECUTION
PSEN
DATA SAMPLED
P0 P2
P0 SFR OUT
PCL OUT
FLOAT
PCL OUT
P2 SFR OUT
PCH OUT
PCH OUT
3.1.2
SIG In addition to the 64K code space, the AT89LP51/52 also supports a 256-byte User Signature Array and a 128-byte Atmel Signature Array that are accessible by the CPU. The Atmel Signature Array is initialized with the Device ID in the factory. The User Signature Array is available for user identification codes or constant parameter data. Data stored in the signature array is not secure. Security bits will disable writes to the array; however, reads by an external device programmer are always allowed. In order to read from the signature arrays, the SIGEN bit (AUXR1.3) must be set (See Table 5-3 on page 27). While SIGEN is one, MOVC A,@A+DPTR will access the signature arrays. The User Signature Array is mapped from addresses 0100h to 01FFh and the Atmel Signature Array is mapped from addresses 0000h to 007Fh. SIGEN must be cleared before using MOVC to access the code memory. The User Signature Array may also be modified by the In-Application Programming interface. When IAP = 1 and SIGEN = 1, MOVX @DPTR instructions will access the array (See Section 3.4 on page 22).
3.2
Internal Data Memory
The AT89LP51/52 contains 256 bytes of general SRAM data memory plus 128 bytes of I/O memory mapped into a single 8-bit address space. Access to the internal data memory does not require any configuration. The internal data memory has three address spaces: DATA, IDATA and SFR; as shown in Figure 3-5. Some portions of external data memory are also implemented internally. See "External Data Memory" below for more information.
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Figure 3-5. Internal Data Memory Map
FFH IDATA ACCESSIBLE BY INDIRECT ADDRESSING ONLY DATA/IDATA ACCESSIBLE BY DIRECT AND INDIRECT ADDRESSING 0 SFR ACCESSIBLE BY DIRECT ADDRESSING 80H SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS PORTS STATUS AND CONTROL BITS TIMERS REGISTERS STACK POINTER ACCUMULATOR (ETC.) FFH
UPPER 128 80H 7FH LOWER 128
3.2.1
DATA The first 128 bytes of RAM are directly addressable by an 8-bit address (00H-7FH) included in the instruction. The lowest 32 bytes of DATA memory are grouped into 4 banks of 8 registers each. The RS0 and RS1 bits (PSW.3 and PSW.4) select which register bank is in use. Instructions using register addressing will only access the currently specified bank. The lower 128 bit addresses are also mapped into DATA addresses 20H--2FH.
3.2.2
IDATA The full 256 byte internal RAM can be indirectly addressed using the 8-bit pointers R0 and R1. The first 128 bytes of IDATA include the DATA space. The hardware stack is also located in the IDATA space.
3.2.3
SFR The upper 128 direct addresses (80H-FFH) access the I/O registers. I/O registers on AT89LP devices are referred to as Special Function Registers. The SFRs can only be accessed through direct addressing. All SFR locations are not implemented. See Section 4. for a listed of available SFRs.
3.3
External Data Memory
AT89LP microcontrollers support a 16-bit external memory address space for up to 64K bytes of external data memory (XDATA). The external memory space is accessed with the MOVX instructions. Some internal data memory resources are mapped into portions of the external address space as shown in Figure 3-6. These memory spaces may require configuration before the CPU can access them. The AT89LP51/52 includes 256 bytes of nonvolatile Flash data memory (FDATA).
3.3.1
XDATA The external data memory space can accommodate up to 64KB of external memory. The AT89LP51/52 uses the standard 8051 external data memory interface with the upper address byte on Port 2, the lower address byte and data in/out multiplexed on Port 0, and the ALE, RD and WR strobes. XDATA can be accessed with both 16-bit (MOVX @DPTR) and 8-bit (MOVX @Ri) addresses. See Section 3.3.3 on page 17 for more details of the external memory interface.
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Some internal data memory spaces are mapped into portions of the XDATA address space. In this case the lower address ranges will access internal resources instead of external memory. Addresses above the range implemented internally will default to XDATA. The AT89LP51/52 supports up to 63.75K or 56K bytes of external memory when using the internally mapped memories. Setting the EXRAM bit (AUXR.1) to one will force all MOVX instructions to access the entire 64KB XDATA regardless of their address (See "AUXR - Auxiliary Control Register" on page 19).
Figure 3-6.
External Data Memory Map
FFFF
FFFF
FFFF
External Data (XDATA: 56KB) External Data (XDATA: 64KB) External Data (XDATA: 63.75KB)
2000 1FFF Flash Program (CODE: 8KB)
0100 00FF 0000 EXRAM = 1 or DMEN = 0 IAP = 0
3.3.2 FDATA
Flash Data (FDATA: 256) EXRAM = 0 DMEN = 1 IAP = 0 EXRAM = 0 DMEN = x IAP = 1
The Flash Data Memory is a portion of the external memory space implemented as an internal nonvolatile data memory. Flash Data Memory is enabled by setting the DMEN bit (MEMCON.3) to one. When IAP = 0 and DMEN = 1, the Flash Data Memory is mapped into the FDATA space, at the bottom of the external memory address space, from 0000H to 00FFH. (See Figure 3-6). MOVX instructions to this address range will access the internal nonvolatile memory. FDATA is not accessible while DMEN = 0. FDATA can be accessed only by 16-bit (MOVX @DPTR) addresses. MOVX @Ri instructions to the FDATA address range will access external memory. Addresses above the FDATA range are mapped to XDATA. 3.3.2.1 Write Protocol The FDATA address space accesses an internal nonvolatile data memory. This address space can be read just like EDATA by issuing a MOVX A,@DPTR; however, writes to FDATA require a more complex protocol and take several milliseconds to complete. For internal execution the AT89LP51/52 uses an idle-while-write architecture where the CPU is placed in an idle state while the write occurs. When the write completes, the CPU will continue executing with the instruction after the MOVX @DPTR,A instruction that started the write. All
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peripherals will continue to function during the write cycle; however, interrupts will not be serviced until the write completes. For external execution the AT89LP51/52 uses an execute-while-write architecture where the CPU continues to operate while the write occurs. The software should poll the state of the BUSY flag to determine when the write completes. Interrupts must be disabled during the write sequence as the CPU will not be able to vector to the internal interrupt table and care should be taken that the application does not jump to an internal address until the write completes. To enable write access to the nonvolatile data memory, the MWEN bit (MEMCON.4) must be set to one. When MWEN = 1 and DMEN = 1, MOVX @DPTR,A may be used to write to FDATA. FDATA uses flash memory with a page-based programming model. Flash data memory differs from traditional EEPROM data memory in the method of writing data. EEPROM generally can update a single byte with any value. Flash memory splits programming into write and erase operations. A Flash write can only program zeroes, i.e change ones into zeroes ( 1 0 ). Any ones in the write data are ignored. A Flash erase sets an entire page of data to ones so that all bytes become FFH. Therefore after an erase, each byte in the page can only be written once with any possible value. Bytes can be overwritten without an erase as long as only ones are changed into zeroes. However, if even a single bit needs updating from zero to one ( 0 1 ); then the contents of the page must first be saved, the entire page must be erased and the zero bits in all bytes (old and new data combined) must be written. Avoiding unnecessary page erases greatly improves the endurance of the memory.. The AT89LP51/52 includes 2 data pages of 128 bytes each. One or more bytes in a page may be written at one time. The AT89LP51/52 includes a temporary page buffer of 64 bytes, or half of a page. Because the page buffer is 64 bytes long, the maximum number of bytes written at one time is 64. Therefore, two write cycles are required to fill the entire 128-byte page, one for the low half page (00H-3FH) and one for the high half page (40H-7FH) as shown in Figure 3-7. Figure 3-7. Page Programming Structure
00 Page Buffer 3F
Data Memory
Low Half Page
High Half Page
00
3F 40
7F
The LDPG bit (MEMCON.5) allows multiple data bytes to be loaded to the temporary page buffer. While LDPG = 1, MOVX @DPTR,A instructions will load data to the page buffer, but will not start a write sequence. Note that a previously loaded byte must not be reloaded prior to the write sequence. To write the half page into the memory, LDPG must first be cleared and then a MOVX @DPTR,A with the final data byte is issued. The address of the final MOVX determines which half page will be written. If a MOVX @DPTR,A instruction is issued while LDPG = 0 without loading any previous bytes, only a single byte will be written. The page buffer is reset after each write operation. Figures 3-8 and Figure 3-9 on page 16 show the difference between byte writes and page writes.
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Figure 3-8.
FDATA Byte Write
DMEN MWEN LDPG IDLE MOVX
tWC tWC
Figure 3-9.
FDATA Page Write
DMEN MWEN LDPG IDLE MOVX
tWC
The auto-erase bit AERS (MEMCON.6) can be set to one to perform a page erase automatically at the beginning of any write sequence. The page erase will erase the entire page, i.e. both the low and high half pages. However, the write operation paired with the auto-erase can only program one of the half pages. A second write cycle without auto-erase is required to update the other half page. Frequently just a few bytes within a page must be updated while maintaining the state of the other bytes. There are two options for handling this situation that allow the Flash Data memory to emulate a traditional EEPROM memory. The simplest method is to copy the entire page into a buffer allocated in RAM, modify the desired byte locations in the RAM buffer, and then load and write back first the low half page (with auto-erase) and then the high half page to the Flash memory. This option requires that at least one page size of RAM is available as a temporary buffer. The second option is to store only one half page in RAM. The unmodified bytes of the other page are loaded directly into the Flash memory's temporary load buffer before loading the updated values of the modified bytes. For example, if just the low half page needs modification, the user must first store the high half page to RAM, followed by reading and loading the unaffected bytes of the low half page into the page buffer. Then the modified bytes of the low half page are stored to the page buffer before starting the auto-erase sequence. The stored value of the high half page must be written without auto-erase after the programming of the low half page completes. This method reduces the amount of RAM required; however, more software overhead is needed because the read-and-load-back routine must skip those bytes in the page that need to be updated in order to prevent those locations in the buffer from being loaded with the previous data, as this will block the new data from being loaded correctly. A write sequence will not occur if the Brown-out Detector is active. If a write currently in progress is interrupted by the BOD due to a low voltage condition, the ERR flag will be set.
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Table 3-2.
MEMCON - Memory Control Register Reset Value = 0000 0XXXB
MEMCON = 96H Not Bit Addressable IAP Bit Symbol IAP 7 Function AERS 6 LDPG 5 MWEN 4 DMEN 3 ERR 2
BUSY 1
WRTINH 0
In-Application Programming Enable. When IAP = 1 and the IAP Fuse is enabled, programming of the CODE/SIG space is enabled and MOVX @DPTR instructions will access CODE/SIG instead of EDATA or FDATA. Clear IAP to disable programming of CODE/SIG and allow access to EDATA and FDATA. Auto-Erase Enable. Set to perform an auto-erase of a Flash memory page (CODE, SIG or FDATA) during the next write sequence. Clear to perform write without erase. Load Page Enable. Set to this bit to load multiple bytes to the temporary page buffer. Byte locations may not be loaded more than once before a write. LDPG must be cleared before writing. Memory Write Enable. Set to enable programming of a nonvolatile memory location (CODE, SIG or FDATA). Clear to disable programming of all nonvolatile memories. Data Memory Enable. Set to enable nonvolatile data memory and map it into the FDATA space. Clear to disable nonvolatile data memory. Error Flag. Set by hardware if an error occurred during the last programming sequence due to a brownout condition (low voltage on VDD). Must be cleared by software. Busy Flag. Write Inhibit Flag. Cleared by hardware when the voltage on VDD has fallen below the minimum programming voltage. Set by hardware when the voltage on VDD is above the minimum programming voltage.
AERS LDPG MWEN DMEN ERR BUSY WRTINH
3.3.3
External Data Memory Interface The AT89LP51/52 uses the standard 8051 external data memory interface with the upper address on Port 2, the lower address and data in/out multiplexed on Port 0, and the ALE, RD and WR strobes. The interface may be used in two different configurations depending on which type of MOVX instruction is used to access XDATA. Figure 3-10 shows a hardware configuration for accessing up to 64K bytes of external RAM using a 16-bit linear address. Port 0 serves as a multiplexed address/data bus to the RAM. The Address Latch Enable strobe (ALE) is used to latch the lower address byte into an external register so that Port 0 can be freed for data input/output. Port 2 provides the upper address byte throughout the operation. The MOVX @DPTR instructions use Linear Address mode.
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Figure 3-10. External Data Memory 16-bit Linear Address Mode
AT89LP P1 P0 EXTERNAL DATA MEMORY DATA
ALE LATCH P2 RD WR P3 WE OE ADDR
Figure 3-11 shows a hardware configuration for accessing 256-byte blocks of external RAM using an 8-bit paged address. Port 0 serves as a multiplexed address/data bus to the RAM. The ALE strobe is used to latch the address byte into an external register so that Port 0 can be freed for data input/output. The Port 2 I/O lines (or other ports) can provide control lines to page the memory; however, this operation is not handled automatically by hardware. The software application must change the Port 2 register when appropriate to access different pages. The MOVX @Ri instructions use Paged Address mode. Figure 3-11. External Data Memory 8-bit Paged Address Mode
AT89LP P1 P0 EXTERNAL DATA MEMORY DATA
ALE LATCH ADDR
RD WR
P3 P2 I/O PAGE BITS WE OE
Note that prior to using the external memory interface, WR (P3.6) and RD (P3.7) must be configured as outputs. See Section 10.1 "Port Configuration" on page 40. P0 and P2 are configured automatically to push-pull output mode when outputting address or data and P0 is automatically tristated when inputting data regardless of the port configuration. The Port 0 configuration will determine the idle state of Port 0 when not accessing the external memory. Figure 3-12 and Figure 3-13 show examples of external data memory write and read cycles, respectively. The address on P0 and P2 is stable at the falling edge of ALE. The idle state of ALE is controlled by DISALE (AUXR.0). When DISALE = 0 the ALE toggles at a constant rate when not accessing external memory. When DISALE = 1 the ALE is weakly pulled high. DISALE must be one in order to use P4.4 as a general-purpose I/O. The WS bits in AUXR can extended the RD and WR strobes by 1, 2 or 3 cycles as shown in Figures 3-16, 3-17 and 3-18. If a longer strobe is required, the application can scale the system clock with the clock divider to meet the requirements (See Section 6.4 on page 30).
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Table 3-3.
AUXR - Auxiliary Control Register Reset Value = xxx0 0000B
AUXR = 8EH Not Bit Addressable - Bit Symbol WDIDLE DISRTO WS[1-0] 7 Function - 6 - 5 WDIDLE(1) 4 DISRTO(1) WS1(2) 3 WS0 2
EXRAM 1
DISALE 0
WDT Disable during Idle(1). When WDIDLE = 0 the WDT continues to count in Idle mode. When WDIDLE = 1 the WDT halts counting in Idle mode. Disable Reset Output(1). When DISTRO = 0 the reset pin is driven to the same level as POL when the WDT resets. When DISRTO = 1 the reset pin is input only. Wait State Select. Determines the number of wait states inserted into external memory accesses.
WS1(2) 0 0 1 1 WS0 0 1 0 1 Wait States 0 1 2 3 RD / WR Strobe Width 1 x tCYC (Fast); 3 x tCYC (Compatibility) 2 x tCYC (Fast); 15 x tCYC (Compatibility) 2 x tCYC (Fast) 3 x tCYC (Fast) ALE to RD / WR Setup 1 x tCYC (Fast); 1.5 x tCYC (Compatibility) 1 x tCYC (Fast); 1.5 x tCYC (Compatibility) 2 x tCYC (Fast) 2 x tCYC (Fast)
EXRAM
External RAM Enable. When EXRAM = 0, MOVX instructions can access the internally mapped portions of the address space. Accesses to addresses above internally mapped memory will access external memory. Set EXRAM = 1 to bypass the internal memory and map the entire address space to external memory. ALE Disable. When DISALE = 0 the ALE pulse is active at 1/3 of the system clock frequency in Compatibility mode and 1/2 of the system clock frequency in Fast mode. When DISALES = 1 the ALE is inactive (high) unless an external memory access occurs. DISALE must be set to use P4.4 as a general I/O.
DISALE
Notes:
1. AUXR.4 and AUXR.3 function as WDIDLE and DISRTO only in Compatibility mode. In Fast mode these bits are located in WDTCON. 2. WS1 is only available in Fast mode. WS1 is forced to 0 in Compatibility mode.
Figure 3-12. Fast Mode External Data Memory Write Cycle (WS = 00B)
S1
CLK
S2
S3
S4
ALE
WR
P0
P0 SFR
DPL or Ri OUT
DATA OUT
P0 SFR
P2
P2 SFR
DPH or P2 OUT
P2 SFR
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Figure 3-13. Fast Mode External Data Memory Read Cycle (WS = 00B)
S1
CLK
S2
S3
S4
ALE
RD
DATA SAMPLED
P0
P0 SFR
DPL or Ri OUT
FLOAT
P0 SFR
P2
P2 SFR
DPH or P2 OUT
P2 SFR
Figure 3-14. Compatibility Mode External Data Memory Write Cycle (WS0 = 0)
S4
CLK
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
ALE
WR
P0
P0 SFR
DPL or Ri OUT
DATA OUT
PCL or P0 SFR
P2
PCH or P2 SFR
DPH or P2 OUT
PCH or P2 SFR
Figure 3-15. Compatibility Mode External Data Memory Read Cycle (WS0 = 0)
S4
CLK
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
ALE
RD
DATA SAMPLED
P0
P0 SFR
DPL or Ri OUT
FLOAT
PCL or P0 SFR
P2
PCH or P2 SFR
DPH or P2 OUT
PCH or P2 SFR
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Figure 3-16. MOVX with One Wait State (WS = 01B)
S1
CLK ALE P2 WR P0 RD P0 P0 SFR DPL OUT FLOAT P0 SFR P0 SFR DPL OUT DATA OUT P0 SFR P2 SFR DPH or P2 OUT P2 SFR
S2
S3
W1
S4
Figure 3-17. MOVX with Two Wait States (WS = 10B)
S1
CLK ALE P2 WR P0 RD P0 P0 SFR DPL OUT FLOAT P0 SFR P0 SFR DPL OUT DATA OUT P0 SFR P2 SFR DPH or P2 OUT P2 SFR
S2
S3
W1
W2
S4
Figure 3-18. MOVX with Three Wait States (WS = 11B)
S1
CLK ALE P2 WR P0 RD P0 P0 SFR DPL OUT FLOAT P0 SFR P0 SFR DPL OUT DATA OUT P0 SFR P2 SFR DPH or P2 OUT P2 SFR
S2
S3
W1
W2
W3
S4
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3.4
In-Application Programming (IAP)
The AT89LP51/52 supports In-Application Programming (IAP), allowing the program memory to be modified during execution. IAP can be used to modify the user application on the fly or to use program memory for nonvolatile data storage. The same page structure write protocol for FDATA also applies to IAP (See Section 3.3.2.1 "Write Protocol" on page 14). The CPU is always placed in idle while modifying the program memory. When the write completes, the CPU will continue executing with the instruction after the MOVX @DPTR,A instruction that started the write. To enable access to the program memory, the IAP bit (MEMCON.7) must be set to one and the IAP User Fuse must be enabled. The IAP User Fuse can disable all IAP operations. When this fuse is disabled, the IAP bit will be forced to 0. While IAP is enabled, all MOVX @DPTR instructions will access the CODE space instead of EDATA/FDATA/XDATA. IAP also allows reprogramming of the User Signature Array when SIGEN = 1. The IAP access settings are summarized in Table 3-4 and Table 3-5. Table 3-4.
IAP 0 0 0 0 1 1
IAP Access Settings for AT89LP52
SIGEN 0 0 1 1 0 1 DMEN 0 1 0 1 X X MOVX @DPTR XDATA (0000-FFFFH) FDATA (0000-00FFH) XDATA (0100-FFFFH) XDATA (0000-FFFFH) FDATA (0000-00FFH) XDATA (0100-FFFFH) CODE (0000-1FFFH) XDATA (2000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) XDATA (2000-FFFFH) MOVC @DPTR CODE (0000-1FFFH) XCODE (2000-FFFFH) CODE (0000-1FFFH) XCODE (2000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) CODE (0000-1FFFH) XCODE (2000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH)
Table 3-5.
IAP 0 0 0 0 1 1
IAP Access Settings for AT89LP51
SIGEN 0 0 1 1 0 1 DMEN 0 1 0 1 X X MOVX @DPTR XDATA (0000-FFFFH) FDATA (0000-00FFH) XDATA (0100-FFFFH) XDATA (0000-FFFFH) FDATA (0000-00FFH) XDATA (0100-FFFFH) CODE (0000-0FFFH) XDATA (1000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) XDATA (1000-FFFFH) MOVC @DPTR CODE (0000-0FFFH) XCODE (1000-FFFFH) CODE (0000-0FFFH) XCODE (1000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) SIG (0000-01FFH) CODE (0000-0FFFH) XCODE (1000-FFFFH) SIG (0000-01FFH)
Note:
When In-Application programming is not required, it is recommended that the IAP User Fuse be disabled.
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4. Special Function Registers
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Table 4-1. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. Table 4-1. AT89LP51/52 SFR Map and Reset Values
8 0F8H 0F0H 0E8H 0E0H 0D8H 0D0H 0C8H PSW 0000 0000 T2CON 0000 0000 P4 1111 1111 IP xx00 0000 P3 1111 1111 IE 0x00 0000 P2 1111 1111 SCON 0000 0000 P1 1111 1111 TCON 0000 0000 P0 1111 1111 0 Notes: SBUF xxxx xxxx TCONB 000x xxxx TMOD 0000 0000 SP 0000 0111 1 TL0 0000 0000 DP0L 0000 0000 2 TL1 0000 0000 DP0H 0000 0000 3 TH0 0000 0000 DP1L 0000 0000 4 TH1 0000 0000 DP1H 0000 0000 5 6 MEMCON 0000 00xx AUXR 0000 0000 CLKREG
(3)
9
A
B
C
D
E
F 0FFH
B 0000 0000
0F7H 0EFH
ACC 0000 0000
0E7H 0DFH 0D7H T2MOD 0000 0000 PMOD
(2)
RCAP2L 0000 000
RCAP2H 0000 0000
TL2 0000 000
TH2 0000 0000
0CFH 0C7H 0BFH IPH xx00 0000 0B7H 0AFH
0C0H 0B8H 0B0H 0A8H 0A0H
SADEN 0000 0000
SADDR 0000 0000 AUXR1 0000 00x0 WDTRST (write-only) WDTCON 0000 0xx0
0A7H 9FH 97H 8FH 87H
98H 90H 88H 80H
PCON 000x 0000 7
1. All SFRs in the left-most column are bit-addressable. 2. Reset value is 0101 0101B when Tristate-Port Fuse is enabled and 0000 0011B when disabled. 3. Reset value is 0101 0010B when Compatibility mode is enabled and 0000 0000B when disabled.
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5. Enhanced CPU
The AT89LP51/52 uses an enhanced 8051 CPU that runs at 6 to 12 times the speed of standard 8051 devices (or 3 to 6 times the speed of X2 8051 devices). The increase in performance is due to two factors. First, the CPU fetches one instruction byte from the code memory every clock cycle. Second, the CPU uses a simple two-stage pipeline to fetch and execute instructions in parallel. This basic pipelining concept allows the CPU to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz. The AT89LP51/52 also has a Compatibility mode that preserves the 12-clock machine cycle of standard 8051s like the AT89S51/52.
5.1
Fast Mode
Fast (Single-Cycle) mode must be enabled by clearing the Compatibility User Fuse. (See "User Configuration Fuses" on page 86.) In this mode one instruction byte is fetched every system clock cycle. The 8051 instruction set allows for instructions of variable length from 1 to 3 bytes. In a single-clock-per-byte-fetch system this means each instruction takes at least as many clocks as it has bytes to execute. The majority of instructions in the AT89LP51/52 follow this rule: the instruction execution time in system clock cycles equals the number of bytes per instruction, with a few exceptions. Branches and Calls require an additional cycle to compute the target address and some other complex instructions require multiple cycles. See "Instruction Set Summary" on page 75. for more detailed information on individual instructions. Example of Fast mode instructions are shown in Figure 5-1. Note that Fast mode instructions take three times as long to execute if they are fetched from external program memory. Figure 5-1. Instruction Execution Sequences in Fast Mode
CLK READ NEXT OPCODE S1 (A) 1-byte, 1-cycle instruction, e.g. INC A READ OPERAND READ NEXT OPCODE S1 S2
(B) 2-byte, 2-cycle instruction, e.g. ADD A, #data READ NEXT OPCODE S1 S2
(C) 1-byte, 2-cycle instruction, e.g. INC DPTR READ NEXT OPCODE S1 S2 ADDR S3 S4
DATA
(D) MOVX (1-byte, 4-cycle)
ACCESS EXTERNAL MEMORY
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5.2 Compatibility Mode
Compatibility (12-Clock) mode is enabled by default from the factory or by setting the Compatibility User Fuse. In Compatibility mode instruction bytes are fetched every three system clock cycles and the CPU operates with 6-state machine cycles and a divide-by-2 system clock for 12 oscillator periods per machine cycle. Standard instructions execute in1, 2 or 4 machine cycles. Instruction timing in this mode is compatible with standard 8051s such as the AT89S51/52. Compatibility mode can be used to preserve the execution profiles of legacy applications. For a summary of differences between Fast and Compatibility modes see Table 2-1 on page 9. Examples of Compatibility mode instructions are shown in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-2.
CLK ALE
Instruction Execution Sequences in Compatibility Mode
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1
READ OPCODE
READ NEXT OPCODE (DISCARD) S5 S6
READ NEXT OPCODE AGAIN
S1
S2
S3
S4
(A) 1-byte, 1-cycle instruction, e.g., INC A READ OPCODE READ 2ND BYTE S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 READ NEXT OPCODE (DISCARD) READ NEXT OPCODE
(B) 2-byte, 1-cycle instruction, e.g., ADD A, #data READ OPCODE
READ NEXT OPCODE AGAIN
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
(C) 1-byte, 2-cycle instruction, e.g., INC DPTR READ OPCODE (MOVX) S1 (D) MOVX (1-byte, 2-cycle) S2 S3 NO READ NEXT OPCODE (DISCARD) FETCH NO ALE S2 S3 NO READ NEXT FETCH OPCODE AGAIN S4 S5 S6
S4
S5 ADDR
S6
S1
DATA DA
MEMORY ACCESS EXTERNAL MEMOR
5.3
Enhanced Dual Data Pointers
The AT89LP51/52 provides two 16-bit data pointers: DPTR0 formed by the register pair DPOL and DPOH (82H an 83H), and DPTR1 formed by the register pair DP1L and DP1H (84H and 85H). The data pointers are used by several instructions to access the program or data memories. The Data Pointer Configuration Register (AUXR1) controls operation of the dual data pointers (Table 5-3 on page 27). The DPS bit in AUXR1 selects which data pointer is currently referenced by instructions including the DPTR operand. Each data pointer may be accessed at its respective SFR addresses regardless of the DPS value. The AT89LP51/52 provides two methods for fast context switching of the data pointers:
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* Bit 2 of AUXR1 is hard-wired as a logic 0. The DPS bit may be toggled (to switch data pointers) simply by incrementing the AUXR1 register, without altering other bits in the register unintentionally. This is the preferred method when only a single data pointer will be used at one time.
EX: INC AUXR1 ; Toggle DPS
* In some cases, both data pointers must be used simultaneously. To prevent frequent toggling of DPS, the AT89LP51/52 supports a prefix notation for selecting the opposite data pointer per instruction. All DPTR instructions, with the exception of JMP @A+DPTR, when prefixed with an 0A5H opcode will use the inverse value of DPS (DPS) to select the data pointer. Some assemblers may support this operation by using the /DPTR operand. For example, the following code performs a block copy within EDATA:
MOV MOV MOV MOV COPY: INC INC AUXR1, #00H DPTR, #SRC /DPTR, #DST R7, #BLKSIZE DPTR /DPTR ; DPS = 0 ; load source address to dptr0 ; load destination address to dptr1 ; number of bytes to copy ; read source (dptr0) ; next src (dptr0+1) ; write destination (dptr1) ; next dst (dptr1+1)
MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @/DPTR, A DJNZ R7, COPY
For assemblers that do not support this notation, the 0A5H prefix must be declared in-line:
EX: DB INC 0A5H DPTR ; equivalent to INC /DPTR
A summary of data pointer instructions with fast context switching is listed inTable 5-1. Table 5-1. Data Pointer Instructions
Operation Instruction JMP @A+DPTR MOV DPTR, #data16 MOV /DPTR, #data16 INC DPTR INC /DPTR MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOVC A,@A+/DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOVX A,@/DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A MOVX @/DPTR, A DPS = 0 JMP @A+DPTR0 MOV DPTR0, #data16 MOV DPTR1, #data16 INC DPTR0 INC DPTR1 MOVC A,@A+DPTR0 MOVC A,@A+DPTR1 MOVX A,@DPTR0 MOVX A,@DPTR1 MOVX @DPTR0, A MOVX @DPTR1, A DPS = 1 JMP @A+DPTR1 MOV DPTR1, #data16 MOV DPTR0, #data16 INC DPTR1 INC DPTR0 MOVC A,@A+DPTR1 MOVC A,@A+DPTR0 MOVX A,@DPTR1 MOVX A,@DPTR0 MOVX @DPTR1, A MOVX @DPTR0, A
5.3.1
Data Pointer Update The Dual Data Pointers on the AT89LP51/52 include two features that control how the data pointers are updated. The data pointer decrement bits, DPD1 and DPD0 in AUXR1, configure the INC DPTR instruction to act as DEC DPTR. The resulting operation will depend on DPS as shown in Table 5-2. These bits also control the direction of auto-updates during MOVC and MOVX.
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Table 5-2. Data Pointer Decrement Behavior
Equivalent Operation for INC DPTR and INC /DPTR DPS = 0 DPD1 0 0 1 1 DPD0 0 1 0 1 INC DPTR INC DPTR0 DEC DPTR0 INC DPTR0 DEC DPTR0 INC /DPTR INC DPTR1 INC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 INC DPTR INC DPTR1 INC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 DPS = 1 INC /DPTR INC DPTR0 DEC DPTR0 INC DPTR0 DEC DPTR0
Table 5-3.
AUXR1 - Data Pointer Configuration Register Reset Value = 0000 00X0B
AUXR1 = A2H Not Bit Addressable DPU1 Bit Symbol DPU1 7 Function DPU0 6 DPD1 5 DPD0 4 SIGEN 3 0 2
- 1
DPS 0
Data Pointer 1 Update. When set, MOVX @DPTR and MOVC @DPTR instructions that use DPTR1 will also update DPTR1 based on DPD1. If DPD1 = 0 the operation is post-increment and if DPD1 = 1 the operation is post-decrement. When DPU1 = 0, DPTR1 is not updated. Data Pointer 0 Update. When set, MOVX @DPTR and MOVC @DPTR instructions that use DPTR0 will also update DPTR0 based on DPD0. If DPD0 = 0 the operation is post-increment and if DPD0 = 1 the operation is post-decrement. When DPU0 = 0, DPTR0 is not updated. Data Pointer 1 Decrement. When set, INC DPTR instructions targeted to DPTR1 will decrement DPTR1. When cleared, INC DPTR instructions will increment DPTR1. DPD1 also determines the direction of auto-update for DPTR1 when DPU1 = 1. Data Pointer 0 Decrement. When set, INC DPTR instructions targeted to DPTR0 will decrement DPTR0. When cleared, INC DPTR instructions will increment DPTR0. DPD0 also determines the direction of auto-update for DPTR0 when DPU0 = 1. Signature Enable. When SIGEN = 1 all MOVC @DPTR instructions and all IAP accesses will target the signature array memory. When SIGEN = 0, all MOVC and IAP accesses target CODE memory. Data Pointer Select. DPS selects the active data pointer for instructions that reference DPTR. When DPS = 0, DPTR will target DPTR0 and /DPTR will target DPTR1. When DPS = 1, DPTR will target DPTR1 and /DPTR will target DPTR0.
DPU0
DPD1
DPD0
SIGEN DPS
The data pointer update bits, DPU1 and DPU0, allow MOVX @DPTR and MOVC @DPTR instructions to update the selected data pointer automatically in a post-increment or post-decrement fashion. The direction of update depends on the DPD1 and DPD0 bits as shown in Table 5-4. These bits can be used to make block copy routines more efficient. Table 5-4. Data Pointer Auto-Update
Update Operation for MOVX and MOVC (DPU1 = 1 & DPU0 = 1) DPS = 0 DPD1 0 0 1 1 DPD0 0 1 0 1 DPTR DPTR0++ DPTR0-DPTR0++ DPTR0-/DPTR DPTR1++ DPTR1++ DPTR1-DPTR1-DPTR DPTR1++ DPTR1++ DPTR1-DPTR1-DPS = 1 /DPTR DPTR0++ DPTR0-DPTR0++ DPTR0--
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6. System Clock
The system clock is generated directly from one of three selectable clock sources. The three sources are the on-chip crystal oscillator, external clock source, and internal RC oscillator. A diagram of the clock subsystem is shown in Figure 6-1. The on-chip crystal oscillator may also be configured for low or high power operation. The clock source is selected by the Clock Source User Fuses as shown in Table 6-1. See "User Configuration Fuses" on page 86. By default, in Fast mode no internal clock division is used to generate the CPU clock from the system clock. In Compatibility mode the default is to divide the oscillator output by two. The system clock divider may be used to prescale the system clock with other values. The choice of clock source also affects the start-up time after a POR, BOD or Power-down event (See "Reset" on page 31 or "Power-down Mode" on page 34) Figure 6-1. Clock Subsystem Diagram
CLOCK FUSES
INTERNAL 1.8432MHz OSC
CLKIRC CLKEXT CLKXTAL
0 1 2 3
CLKosc/8 CLKosc/16 CLKosc/32 CLKosc/2 CLKosc/4 CLKosc
5-BIT CLOCK DIVIDER
XTAL1
XTAL2
CDV2-0
0 12345
TPS3-0
4-BIT PRESCALER
SYSTEM CLOCK (CLKSYS)
Timer 0 Timer 1 Timer 2 Watchdog
Table 6-1.
Clock Source Settings
Clock Source Fuse 0 1 0 1 0 Selected Clock Source High Power Crystal Oscillator (f > 12 MHz) Low Power Crystal Oscillator (f 12 MHz) External Clock on XTAL1 Internal 1.8432 MHz Auxiliary Oscillator
Clock Source Fuse 1 1 1 0 0
6.1
Crystal Oscillator
When enabled, the internal inverting oscillator amplifier is connected between XTAL1 and XTAL2 for connection to an external quartz crystal or ceramic resonator. The oscillator may operate in either high-power or low-power mode. Low-speed mode is intended for crystals of 12 MHz or less and consumes less power than the higher speed mode. The configuration as shown in Figure 6-2 applies for both high and low power oscillators. Note that in some cases, external capacitors C1 and C2 may NOT be required due to the on-chip capacitance of the XTAL1 and XTAL2 inputs (approximately 10 pF each). When using the crystal oscillator, P4.6 and P4.7 will have their inputs and outputs disabled. Also, XTAL2 in crystal oscillator mode should not be used to directly drive a board-level clock without a buffer.
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An optional 5 M on-chip resistor can be connected between XTAL1 and GND. This resistor can improve the startup characteristics of the oscillator especially at higher frequencies. The resistor can be enabled/disabled with the R1 User Fuse (See "User Configuration Fuses" on page 86.) Figure 6-2. Crystal Oscillator Connections
C2
~10 pF
C1 R1
~10 pF ~5 M
Note:
1.
C1, C2 = 5 pF 5pF for Crystals = 5 pF 5pF for Ceramic Resonators
6.2
External Clock Source
The external clock option disables the oscillator amplifier and allows XTAL1 to be driven directly by an external clock source as shown in Figure 6-3. XTAL2 may be left unconnected, used as general purpose I/O P4.7, or configured to output a divided version of the system clock. Figure 6-3. External Clock Drive Configuration
NC GPIO XTAL2 (P4.7)
EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR SIGNAL
XTAL1 (P4.6)
GND
6.3
Internal RC Oscillator
The AT89LP51/52 has an Internal Auxiliary oscillator tuned to 1.8432 MHz 2.0%. When enabled as the clock source, XTAL1 and XTAL2 may be used as P4.6 and P4.7 respectively.
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6.4
System Clock Divider
The CDV2-0 bits in CLKREG allow the system clock to be divided down from the selected clock source by powers of 2. The clock divider provides users with a greater frequency range when using the Internal Oscillator. For example, to achieve a 230.4 kHz system frequency when using the RC oscillator, CDV2-0 should be set to 011B for divide-by-8 operation. The divider can also be used to reduce power consumption by decreasing the operational frequency during non-critical periods. The resulting system frequency is given by the following equation:
f OSC f SYS = -----------CDV 2
where fOSC is the frequency of the selected clock source. The clock divider will prescale the clock for the CPU and all peripherals. The value of CDV may be changed at any time without interrupting normal execution. Changes to CDV are synchronized such that the system clock will not pass through intermediate frequencies. When CDV is updated, the new frequency will take affect within a maximum period of 32 x tOSC. In Compatibility mode the divider defaults to divide-by-2 and and in Fast mode it defaults to no division. Table 6-2.
CLKREG - Clock Control Register Reset Value = 0?0? 00?0B
CLKREG = 8FH Not Bit Addressable TPS3 Bit 7 TPS2 6 TPS1 5 TPS0 4 CDV2 3 CDV1 2
CDV0 1
-- 0
Symbol TPS[3-0]
Function Timer Prescaler. The Timer Prescaler selects the time base for Timer 0, Timer 1, Timer 2 and the Watchdog Timer. The prescaler is implemented as a 4-bit binary down counter. When the counter reaches zero it is reloaded with the value stored in the TPS bits to give a division ratio between 1 and 16. By default the timers will count every clock cycle in Fast mode (TPS = 0000B) and every six cycles in Compatibility mode (TPS = 0101B). System Clock Division. Determines the frequency of the system clock relative to the oscillator clock source. CDIV2 0 0 0 CDIV1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CDIV0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 System Clock Frequency fOSC/1 fOSC/2 fOSC/4 fOSC/8 fOSC/16 fOSC/32 Reserved Reserved
CDV[2-0] 0 1 1 1 1 Note:
The reset value of CLKREG is 0000000B in Fast mode and 01010010B in Compatibility mode.
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7. Reset
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, the port pins are set to their default mode, and the program starts execution from the Reset Vector, 0000H. The AT89LP51/52 has five sources of reset: power-on reset, brown-out reset, external reset, watchdog reset, and software reset.
7.1
Power-on Reset
A Power-on Reset (POR) is generated by an on-chip detection circuit. The detection level VPOR is nominally 1.4V. The POR is activated whenever VDD is below the detection level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger the start-up reset or to detect a major supply voltage failure. The POR circuit ensures that the device is reset from power-on. A power-on sequence is shown in Figure 7-1. When VDD reaches the Power-on Reset threshold voltage VPOR, an initialization sequence lasting tPOR is started. When the initialization sequence completes, the start-up timer determines how long the device is kept in POR after VDD rise. The start-up timer does not begin counting until after VDD reaches the Brown-out Detector (BOD) threshold voltage VBOD. The POR signal is activated again, without any delay, when VDD falls below the POR threshold level. A Power-on Reset (i.e. a cold reset) will set the POF flag in PCON. The internally generated reset can be extended beyond the power-on period by holding the RST pin active longer than the time-out. Figure 7-1. Power-on Reset Sequence
VBOD
VDD Time-out POL RST Internal Reset RST Internal Reset
Note:
VPOR tPOR tSUT
(POL Tied to VCC)
(RST Tied to GND)
(RST Controlled Externally)
VIL tRHD
tPOR is approximately 143 s 5%.
The start-up timer delay is user-configurable with the Start-up Time User Fuses and depends on the clock source (Table 7-1). The Start-Up Time fuses also control the length of the start-up time after a Brown-out Reset or when waking up from Power-down during internally timed mode. The start-up delay should be selected to provide enough settling time for VDD and the selected clock source. The device operating environment (supply voltage, frequency, temperature, etc.) must meet the minimum system requirements before the device exits reset and starts normal operation. The RST pin may be held active externally until these conditions are met.
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Table 7-1.
SUT Fuse 1 0
Start-up Timer Settings
SUT Fuse 0 0 Crystal Oscillator Internal RC/External Clock 1024 512 2048 1024 4096 4096 16384 Clock Source Internal RC/External Clock tSUT ( 5%) s 16
0
1 Crystal Oscillator Internal RC/External Clock
1
0 Crystal Oscillator Internal RC/External Clock
1
1 Crystal Oscillator
7.2
Brown-out Reset
The AT89LP51/52 has an on-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the VDD level during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level VBOD for the BOD is nominally 2.0V. The purpose of the BOD is to ensure that if VDD fails or dips while executing at speed, the system will gracefully enter reset without the possibility of errors induced by incorrect execution. A BOD sequence is shown in Figure 7-2. When VDD decreases to a value below the trigger level VBOD, the internal reset is immediately activated. When VDD increases above the trigger level plus about 200 mV of hysteresis, the start-up timer releases the internal reset after the specified time-out period has expired (Table 7-1). Figure 7-2. Brown-out Detector Reset
VPOR VBOD tSUT
VDD Time-out Internal Reset
The AT89LP51/52 allows for a wide VDD operating range. The on-chip BOD may not be sufficient to prevent incorrect execution if VBOD is lower than the minimum required VDD range, such as when a 5.0V supply is coupled with high frequency operation. In such cases an external Brown-out Reset circuit connected to the RST pin may be required.
7.3
External Reset
The RST pin of the AT89LP51/52 can function as either an active-low reset input or as an activehigh reset input. The polarity of the RST pin is selectable using the POL pin (formerly EA). When POL is high the RST pin is active high with an on-chip pull-down resistor tied to GND. When POL is low the RST pin is active low with an on-chip pull-up resistor tied to VDD. The RST pin structure is shown in Figure 7-3. In Compatibility mode the reset pin is sampled every six clock cycles and must be held active for at least twelve clock cycles to trigger the internal reset. In Fast mode the reset pin is sampled every clock cycle and must be held active for at least two clock cycles to trigger the internal reset.
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The AT89LP51/52 includes an on-chip Power-On Reset and Brown-out Detector circuit that ensures that the device is reset from system power up. In most cases a RC startup circuit is not required on the RST pin, reducing system cost, and the RST pin may be left unconnected if a board-level reset is not present.
Note: RST also serves as the In-System Programming (ISP) enable. ISP is enabled when the external reset pin is held active. When ISP is disabled by fuse, ISP may only be entered by pulling RST active during power-up. If this behavior is necessary, it is recommended to use an active-low reset so that ISP can be entered by shorting RST to GND at power-up.
Figure 7-3.
Reset Pin Structure
V CC
POL = 1
V CC
POL = 0
DISRTO WDT Reset Internal Reset RST Internal Reset DISRTO WDT Reset RST
7.4
Watchdog Reset
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a reset pulse lasting 49 clock cycles. By default this pulse is also output on the RST pin. To disable the RST output the DISRTO bit in AUXR (Compatibility mode) or WDTCON (Fast mode) must be set to one. Watchdog reset will set the WDTOVF flag in WDTCON. To prevent a Watchdog reset, the watchdog reset sequence 1EH/E1H must be written to WDTRST before the Watchdog times out. See "Programmable Watchdog Timer" on page 73. for details on the operation of the Watchdog.
7.5
Software Reset
The CPU may generate a 49-clock cycle reset pulse by writing the software reset sequence 5AH/A5H to the WDRST register. A software reset will set the SWRST bit in WDTCON. See "Software Reset" on page 73 for more information on software reset. Writing any sequences other than 5AH/A5H or 1EH/E1H to WDTRST will generate an immediate reset and set both WDTOVF and SWRST to flag an error. Software reset will also drive the RST pin active unless DISRTO is set.
8. Power Saving Modes
The AT89LP51/52 supports two different power-reducing modes: Idle and Power-down. These modes are accessed through the PCON register. Additional steps may be required to achieve the lowest possible power consumption while using these modes.
8.1
Idle Mode
Setting the IDL bit in PCON enters idle mode. Idle mode halts the internal CPU clock. The CPU state is preserved in its entirety, including the RAM, stack pointer, program counter, program status word, and accumulator. The Port pins hold the logic states they had at the time that Idle was activated. Idle mode leaves the peripherals running in order to allow them to wake up the
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CPU when an interrupt is generated. The timer and UART peripherals continue to function during Idle. If these functions are not needed during idle, they should be explicitly disabled by clearing the appropriate control bits in their respective SFRs. The watchdog may be selectively enabled or disabled during Idle by setting/clearing the WDIDLE bit. The Brown-out Detector is always active during Idle. Any enabled interrupt source or reset may terminate Idle mode. When exiting Idle mode with an interrupt, the interrupt will immediately be serviced, and following RETI the next instruction to be executed will be the one following the instruction that put the device into Idle. The power consumption during Idle mode can be further reduced by prescaling down the system clock using the System Clock Divider (Section 6.4 on page 30). Be aware that the clock divider will affect all peripheral functions and baud rates may need to be adjusted to maintain their rate with the new clock frequency.
.
Table 8-1.
PCON - Power Control Register Reset Value = 000X 0000B
PCON = 87H Not Bit Addressable SMOD1 Bit Symbol SMOD1 SMOD0 PWDEX POF GF1, GF0 PD IDL 7 Function Double Baud Rate bit. Doubles the baud rate of the UART in Modes 1, 2, or 3. SMOD0 6 PWDEX 5 POF 4 GF1 3 GF0 2
PD 1
IDL 0
Frame Error Select. When SMOD0 = 1, SCON.7 is SM0. When SMOD0 = 1, SCON.7 is FE. Note that FE will be set after a frame error regardless of the state of SMOD0. Power-down Exit Mode. When PWDEX = 0, wake up from Power-down is externally controlled. When PWDEX = 1, wake up from Power-down is internally timed. Power Off Flag. POF is set to "1" during power up (i.e. cold reset). It can be set or reset under software control and is not affected by RST or BOD (i.e. warm resets). General-purpose Flags Power-down bit. Setting this bit activates power-down operation. The PD bit is cleared automatically by hardware when waking up from power-down. Idle Mode bit. Setting this bit activates Idle mode operation. The IDL bit is cleared automatically by hardware when waking up from idle
8.2
Power-down Mode
Setting the Power-down (PD) bit in PCON enters Power-down mode. Power-down mode stops the oscillator, disables the BOD and powers down the Flash memory in order to minimize power consumption. Only the power-on circuitry will continue to draw power during Power-down. During Power-down, the power supply voltage may be reduced to the RAM keep-alive voltage. The RAM contents will be retained, but the SFR contents are not guaranteed once VDD has been reduced. Power-down may be exited by external reset, power-on reset, or certain enabled interrupts.
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8.2.1 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Two external interrupt sources may be configured to terminate Power-down mode: external interrupts INT0 (P3.2) and INT1 (P3.3). To wake up by external interrupt INT0 or INT1, that interrupt must be enabled by setting EX0 or EX1 in IE and must be configured for level-sensitive operation by clearing IT0 or IT1. When terminating Power-down by an interrupt, two different wake-up modes are available. When PWDEX in PCON is one, the wake-up period is internally timed as shown in Figure 8-1. At the falling edge on the interrupt pin, Power-down is exited, the oscillator is restarted, and an internal timer begins counting. The internal clock will not be allowed to propagate to the CPU until after the timer has timed out. After the time-out period the interrupt service routine will begin. The time-out period is controlled by the Start-up Timer Fuses (see Table 7-1 on page 32). The interrupt pin need not remain low for the entire time-out period. Figure 8-1. Interrupt Recovery from Power-down (PWDEX = 1)
PWD XTAL1
tSUT
INT1 Internal Clock
When PWDEX = "0", the wake-up period is controlled externally by the interrupt. Again, at the falling edge on the interrupt pin, power-down is exited and the oscillator is restarted. However, the internal clock will not propagate until the rising edge of the interrupt pin as shown in Figure 82. The interrupt pin should be held low long enough for the selected clock source to stabilize. After the rising edge on the pin the interrupt service routine will be executed. Figure 8-2. Interrupt Recovery from Power-down (PWDEX = 0)
PWD XTAL1
INT1 Internal Clock
8.2.2 Reset Recovery from Power-down The wake-up from Power-down through an external reset is similar to the interrupt with PWDEX = "1". At the rising edge of RST, Power-down is exited, the oscillator is restarted, and an internal timer begins counting as shown in Figure 8-3. The internal clock will not be allowed to propagate to the CPU until after the timer has timed out. The time-out period is controlled by the Start-up Timer Fuses. (See Table 7-1 on page 32). If RST returns low before the time-out, a two clock cycle internal reset is generated when the internal clock restarts. Otherwise, the device will remain in reset until RST is brought low. 35
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Figure 8-3.
Reset Recovery from Power-down (POL = 1)
PWD XTAL1
tSUT
RST Internal Clock Internal Reset
8.3
Reducing Power Consumption
Several possibilities need consideration when trying to reduce the power consumption in an 8051-based system. Generally, Idle or Power-down mode should be used as often as possible. All unneeded functions should be disabled. The System Clock Divider can scale down the operating frequency during periods of low demand. The ALE output can be disabled by setting DISALE in AUXR, thereby also reducing EMI.
9. Interrupts
The AT89LP51/52 provides 6 interrupt sources: two external interrupts, three timer interrupts, and a serial port interrupt. These interrupts and the system reset each have a separate program vector at the start of the program memory space. Each interrupt source can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in the interrupt enable register IE. The IE register also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts. Each interrupt source can be individually programmed to one of four priority levels by setting or clearing bits in the interrupt priority registers IP and IPH. IP holds the low order priority bits and IPH holds the high priority bits for each interrupt. An interrupt service routine in progress can be interrupted by a higher priority interrupt, but not by another interrupt of the same or lower priority. The highest priority interrupt cannot be interrupted by any other interrupt source. If two requests of different priority levels are pending at the end of an instruction, the request of higher priority level is serviced. If requests of the same priority level are pending at the end of an instruction, an internal polling sequence determines which request is serviced. The polling sequence is based on the vector address; an interrupt with a lower vector address has higher priority than an interrupt with a higher vector address. Note that the polling sequence is only used to resolve pending requests of the same priority level. The External Interrupts INT0 and INT1 can each be either level-activated or edge-activated, depending on bits IT0 and IT1 in Register TCON. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are the IE0 and IE1 bits in TCON. When the service routine is vectored to, hardware clears the flag that generated an external interrupt only if the interrupt was edge-activated. If the interrupt was level activated, then the external requesting source (rather than the on-chip hardware) controls the request flag. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 Interrupts are generated by TF0 and TF1, which are set by a rollover in their respective Timer/Counter registers (except for Timer 0 in Mode 3). When a timer interrupt is generated, the on-chip hardware clears the flag that generated it when the service routine is
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vectored to. The Timer 2 Interrupt is generated by a logic OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the CPU vectors to the service routine. The service routine normally must determine whether TF2 or EXF2 generated the interrupt and that bit must be cleared by software. The Serial Port Interrupt is generated by the logic OR of RI and TI in SCON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the CPU vectors to the service routine. The service routine normally must determine whether RI or TI generated the interrupt and that bit must be cleared by software. All of the bits that generate interrupts can be set or cleared by software, with the same result as though they had been set or cleared by hardware. That is, interrupts can be generated and pending interrupts can be canceled in software. Table 9-1.
Interrupt System Reset External Interrupt 0 Timer 0 Overflow External Interrupt 1 Timer 1 Overflow Serial Port Interrupt Timer 2 Interrupt
Interrupt Vector Addresses
Source RST or POR or BOD IE0 TF0 IE1 TF1 RI or TI TF2 or EXF2 Vector Address 0000H 0003H 000BH 0013H 001BH 0023H 002BH
9.1
Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt flags may be set by their hardware in any clock cycle. The interrupt controller polls the flags in the last clock cycle of the instruction in progress. If one of the flags was set in the preceding cycle, the polling cycle will find it and the interrupt system will generate an LCALL to the appropriate service routine as the next instruction, provided that the interrupt is not blocked by any of the following conditions: an interrupt of equal or higher priority level is already in progress; the instruction in progress is RETI or any write to the IE, IP or IPH registers; the CPU is currently forced into idle by an IAP or FDATA write. Each of these conditions will block the generation of the LCALL to the interrupt service routine. The second condition ensures that if the instruction in progress is RETI or any access to IE, IP or IPH, then at least one more instruction will be executed before any interrupt is vectored to. The polling cycle is repeated at the last cycle of each instruction, and the values polled are the values that were present at the previous clock cycle. If an active interrupt flag is not being serviced because of one of the above conditions and is no longer active when the blocking condition is removed, the denied interrupt will not be serviced. In other words, the fact that the interrupt flag was once active but not serviced is not remembered. Every polling cycle is new. If a request is active and conditions are met for it to be acknowledged, a hardware subroutine call to the requested service routine will be the next instruction executed. The call itself takes four cycles. Thus, a minimum of five complete clock cycles elapsed between activation of an interrupt request and the beginning of execution of the first instruction of the service routine. A longer response time results if the request is blocked by one of the previously listed conditions. If an interrupt of equal or higher priority level is already in progress, the additional wait time depends on the nature of the other interrupt's service routine. If the instruction in progress is not in its final clock cycle, the additional wait time cannot be more than 4 cycles, since the longest 37
3709B-MICRO-12/10
instruction is 5 cycles long. If the instruction in progress is RETI, the additional wait time cannot be more than 9 cycles (a maximum of 4 more cycles to complete the instruction in progress, plus a maximum of 5 cycles to complete the next instruction). Thus, in a single-interrupt system, the response time is always more than 5 clock cycles and less than 14 clock cycles. See Figure 9-1 and Figure 9-2. Figure 9-1. Minimum Interrupt Response Time (Fast Mode)
1 5
Clock Cycles INT0 IE0 Instruction
Ack.
Cur. Instr.
LCALL
1st ISR Instr.
Figure 9-2.
Maximum Interrupt Response Time (Fast Mode)
1 5 10 14
Clock Cycles INT0 IE0 Instruction
Ack.
RETI
MOVX @/DPTR, A
LCALL
1st ISR Instr.
Figure 9-3.
Minimum Interrupt Response Time (Compatibility Mode)
1 14
Clock Cycles INT0 IE0 Instruction
Ack.
LCALL
ISR
Figure 9-4.
Maximum Interrupt Response Time (Compatibility Mode)
1 13 37 49
Clock Cycles INT0 IE0 Instruction
Ack.
RETI
MUL AB
LCALL
ISR
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Table 9-2.
IE = A8H Bit Addressable EA Bit
Symbol EA ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
IE - Interrupt Enable Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
- 6
ET2 5
ES 4
ET1 3
EX1 2
ET0 1
EX0 0
7
Function
Global enable/disable. All interrupts are disabled when EA = 0. When EA = 1, each interrupt source is enabled/disabled by setting /clearing its own enable bit. Timer 2 Interrupt Enable Serial Port Interrupt Enable Timer 1 Interrupt Enable External Interrupt 1 Enable Timer 0 Interrupt Enable External Interrupt 0 Enable
Table 9-3.
IP = B8H
IP - Interrupt Priority Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
Bit Addressable
-
Bit
Symbol PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0
-
6
PT2 5
PS 4
PT1 3
PX1 2
PT0 1
PX0 0
7
Function
Timer 2 Interrupt Priority Low Serial Port Interrupt Priority Low Timer 1 Interrupt Priority Low External Interrupt 1 Priority Low Timer 0 Interrupt Priority Low External Interrupt 0 Priority Low
Table 9-4.
IPH - Interrupt Priority High Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
IPH = B7H Not Bit Addressable
-
Bit
Symbol PT2H PSH PT1H PX1H PT0H PX0H
-
6
PT2H 5
PSH 4
PT1H 3
PX1H 2
PT0H 1
PX0H 0
7
Function
Timer 2 Interrupt Priority High Serial Port Interrupt Priority High Timer 1 Interrupt Priority High External Interrupt 1 Priority High Timer 0 Interrupt Priority High External Interrupt 0 Priority High
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10. I/O Ports
The AT89LP51/52 can be configured for between 32 and 36 I/O pins. The exact number of I/O pins available depends on the clock, external memory and package type as shown in Table 101. Table 10-1.
Clock Source
I/O Pin Configurations
External Program Access Yes (PSEN+ALE+P0+P2) External Data Access Yes (RD+WR) Number of I/O Pins 14 16 31 34 15 17 32 35 16 18 33 36
External Crystal or Resonator No
No Yes (ALE+RD+WR+P0) No Yes (RD+WR) Yes (PSEN+ALE+P0+P2) No
External Clock Yes (ALE+RD+WR+P0) No No Yes (RD+WR) Yes (PSEN+ALE+P0+P2) Internal RC Oscillator No No No Yes (ALE+RD+WR+P0)
10.1
Port Configuration
Each 8-bit port on the AT89LP51/52 may be configured in one of four modes: quasi-bidirectional (standard 8051 port outputs), push-pull output, open-drain output, or input-only. Port modes may be assigned in software on a port-by-port basis as shown in Table 10-2 using the PMOD register listed in Table 10-3. The Tristate-Port User Fuse determines the default state of the port pins. When the fuse is enabled, all port pins default to input-only mode after reset. When the fuse is disabled, all port pins on P1, P2 and P3 default to quasi-bidirectional mode after reset and are weakly pulled high. P0 is set to Open-drain mode. P4 always operates in quasi-bidirectional mode. Each port pin also has a Schmitt-triggered input for improved input noise rejection. During Power-down all the Schmitt-triggered inputs are disabled with the exception of P3.2 (INT0), P3.3 (INT1), RST, P4.6 (XTAL1) and P4.7 (XTAL2). Therefore, P3.2, P3.3, P4.6 and P4.7 should not be left floating during Power-down.
.
Table 10-2.
PxM0 0 0 1 1
Configuration Modes for Port x
PxM1 0 1 0 1 Port Mode Quasi-bidirectional Push-pull Output Input Only (High Impedance) Open-Drain Output
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.
Table 10-3.
PMOD - Port Mode Register Reset Value = 0000 0011B
PMOD = C1H Not Bit Addressable P3M1 Bit Symbol P3M1-0 P2M1-0 P1M1-0 P0M1-0 7 Function Port 3 Configuration Mode Port 2 Configuration Mode Port 1 Configuration Mode Port 0 Configuration Mode P3M0 6 P2M1 5 P2M0 4 P1M1 3 P1M0 2
P0M1 1
P0M0 0
10.1.1
Quasi-bidirectional Output Port pins in quasi-bidirectional output mode function similar to standard 8051 port pins. A Quasibidirectional port can be used both as an input and output without the need to reconfigure the port. This is possible because when the port outputs a logic high, it is weakly driven, allowing an external device to pull the pin low. When the pin is driven low, it is driven strongly and able to sink a large current. There are three pull-up transistors in the quasi-bidirectional output that serve different purposes. One of these pull-ups, called the "very weak" pull-up, is turned on whenever the port latch for the pin contains a logic "1". This very weak pull-up sources a very small current that will pull the pin high if it is left floating. When the pin is pulled low externally this pull-up will always source some current. A second pull-up, called the "weak" pull-up, is turned on when the port latch for the pin contains a logic "1" and the pin itself is also at a logic "1" level. This pull-up provides the primary source current for a quasi-bidirectional pin that is outputting a "1". If this pin is pulled low by an external device, this weak pull-up turns off, and only the very weak pull-up remains on. In order to pull the pin low under these conditions, the external device has to sink enough current to overpower the weak pull-up and pull the port pin below its input threshold voltage. The third pull-up is referred to as the "strong" pull-up. This pull-up is used to speed up low-tohigh transitions on a quasi-bidirectional port pin when the port latch changes from a logic "0" to a logic "1". When this occurs, the strong pull-up turns on for one CPU clock, quickly pulling the port pin high. The quasi-bidirectional port configuration is shown in Figure 10-1.
10.1.2
Input-only Mode The input only port configuration is shown in Figure 10-2. The output drivers are tristated. The input includes a Schmitt-triggered input for improved input noise rejection. The input circuitry of P3.2, P3.3, P4.6 and P4.7 is not disabled during Power-down (see Figure 10-3) and therefore these pins should not be left floating during Power-down when configured in this mode. Input-only mode can reduce power consumption for low-level inputs over quasi-bidirectional mode because the "very weak" pull-up is turned off and only very small leakage current in the sub microamp range is present.
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Figure 10-1. Quasi-bidirectional Output
V CC
V CC
V CC
1 Clock Delay (D Flip-Flop)
Strong
Very Weak
Weak Por t Pin
From Por t Register Input Data PWD
Figure 10-2. Input Only
Input Data PWD
Por t Pin
Figure 10-3. Input Circuit for P3.2, P3.3, P4.6 and P4.7
Input Data
Port Pin
10.1.3
Open-drain Output The open-drain output configuration turns off all pull-ups and only drives the pull-down transistor of the port pin when the port latch contains a logic "0". To be used as a logic output, a port configured in this manner must have an external pull-up, typically a resistor tied to VDD. The pulldown for this mode is the same as for the quasi-bidirectional mode. The open-drain port configuration is shown in Figure 10-4. The input circuitry of P3.2, P3.3, P4.6 and P4.7 is not disabled during Power-down (see Figure 10-3) and therefore these pins should not be left floating during Power-down when configured in this mode. Figure 10-4. Open-Drain Output
Por t Pin
From Por t Register Input Data PWD
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10.1.4 Push-pull Output The push-pull output configuration has the same pull-down structure as both the open-drain and the quasi-bidirectional output modes, but provides a continuous strong pull-up when the port latch contains a logic "1". The push-pull mode may be used when more source current is needed from a port output. The push-pull port configuration is shown in Figure 10-5. Figure 10-5. Push-pull Output
VCC
Por t Pin
From Por t Register Input Data PWD
10.2
Port Read-Modify-Write
A read from a port will read either the state of the pins or the state of the port register depending on which instruction is used. Simple read instructions will always access the port pins directly. Read-modify-write instructions, which read a value, possibly modify it, and then write it back, will always access the port register. This includes bit write instructions such as CLR or SETB as they actually read the entire port, modify a single bit, then write the data back to the entire port. See Table 10-4 for a complete list of Read-Modify-Write instruction which may access the ports. Table 10-4.
Mnemonic ANL ORL XRL JBC CPL INC DEC DJNZ MOV PX.Y, C CLR PX.Y SETB PX.Y
Port Read-Modify-Write Instructions
Instruction Logical AND Logical OR Logical EX-OR Jump if bit set and clear bit Complement bit Increment Decrement Decrement and jump if not zero Move carry to bit Y of Port X Clear bit Y of Port X Set bit Y of Port X Example ANL P1, A ORL P1, A XRL P1, A JBC P3.0, LABEL CPL P3.1 INC P1 DEC P3 DJNZ P3, LABEL MOV P1.0, C CLR P1.1 SETB P3.2
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10.3
Port Alternate Functions
Most general-purpose digital I/O pins of the AT89LP51/52 share functionality with the various I/Os needed for the peripheral units. Table 10-6 lists the alternate functions of the port pins. Alternate functions are connected to the pins in a logic AND fashion. In order to enable the alternate function on a port pin, that pin must have a "1" in its corresponding port register bit, otherwise the input/output will always be "0". However, alternate functions may be temporarily forced to "0" by clearing the associated port bit, provided that the pin is not in input-only mode. Furthermore, each pin must be configured for the correct input/output mode as required by its peripheral before it may be used as such. Table 10-5 shows how to configure a generic pin for use with an alternate function. If two or more port pins on the same 8-bit require difference directions, the port must be configured for bidirectional operation. Table 10-5.
PxM0 0 0 1 1
Pin Function Configurations for Port x Pin y
PxM1 0 1 0 1 Px.y 1 1 X 1 I/O Mode bidirectional (internal pull-up) output input bidirectional (external pull-up)
Table 10-6.
Port Pin Alternate Functions
Configuration Bits Alternate Function
Port Pin
PxM0
PxM1
Notes Address and data on Port 0 are automatically configured as output or input regardless of P0M0 and P0M1. T2 Clock out toggles P1.0 directly
P0.0-P0.7
N/A
AD0-AD7
P1.0 P1.1 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 P2.0-P2.7 P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7
P1M0 P1M0 P1M0 P1M0 P1M0 N/A P3M0 P3M0 P3M0 P3M0 P3M0 P3M0 P3M0 P3M0
P1M1 P1M1 P1M1 P1M1 P1M1
T2 T2EX MOSI MISO SCK A8-A15
Address on Port 2 is automatically configured as output regardless of P2M0 and P2M1.
P3M1 P3M1 P3M1 P3M1 P3M1 P3M1 P3M1 P3M1
RXD TXD INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD T0 Clock out toggles P3.4 directly T1 Clock out toggles P3.5 directly
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11. Timer 0 and Timer 1
The AT89LP51/52 has two 16-bit Timer/Counters, Timer 0 and Timer 1, with the following features: * Two independent 16-bit timer/counters with 8-bit reload registers * UART baud rate generation using Timer 1 * Output pin toggle on timer overflow * Split timer mode allows for three separate timers (2 8-bit, 1 16-bit) * Gated modes allow timers to run/halt based on an external input Timer 0 and Timer 1 have similar modes of operation. As timers, the timer registers normally increase every clock cycle. Thus, the registers count clock cycles. The timer rate can be prescaled by a value between 1 and 16 using the Timer Prescaler (see Table 6-2 on page 30). Both Timers share the same prescaler. In Compatibility mode CDV defaults to 2, so a clock cycle consists of two oscillator periods,and the prescaler defaults to 6 making the count rate equal to 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. By default in Fast mode CDV = 0 and TPS = 0 so the count rate is equal to the oscillator frequency. As counters, the timer registers are incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at the corresponding input pins, T0 or T1. In Fast mode the external input is sampled every clock cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since 2 clock cycles are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/2 of the system frequency. There are no restrictions on the duty cycle of the input signal, but it should be held for at least one full clock cycle to ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes. In Compatibility mode the counter input sampling is controlled by the prescaler. Since TPS defaults to 6 in this mode, the pins are sampled every six system clocks. Therefore the input signal should be held for at least six clock cycles to ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes. Furthermore, the Timer or Counter functions for Timer 0 and Timer 1 have four operating modes: 13-bit timer, 16-bit timer, 8-bit auto-reload timer, and split timer. The control bits C/T in the Special Function Register TMOD select the Timer or Counter function. The bit pairs (M1, M0) in TMOD select the operating modes. Table 11-1.
Name TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 TCONB
Timer 0/1 Register Summary
Address 88H 89H 8AH 8BH 8CH 8DH 91H Purpose Control Mode Timer 0 low-byte Timer 1 low-byte Timer 0 high-byte Timer 1 high-byte Mode Bit-Addressable Y N N N N N N
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11.1
Mode 0 - 13-bit Timer/Counter
Both Timers in Mode 0 are 8-bit Counters with a divide-by-32 prescaler. Figure 11-1 shows the Mode 0 operation as it applies to Timer 1. As the count rolls over from all "1"s to all "0"s, it sets the Timer interrupt flag TF1. The counter input is enabled to the Timer when TR1 = 1 and either GATE1 = 0 or INT1 = 1. Setting GATE1 = 1 allows the Timer to be controlled by external input INT1, to facilitate pulse width measurements. TR1 is a control bit in the Special Function Register TCON. GATE1 is in TMOD. The 13-bit register consists of all 8 bits of TH1 and the lower 5 bits of TL1. The upper 3 bits of TL1 are indeterminate and should be ignored. Setting the run flag (TR1) does not clear the registers. Mode 0: 8192 Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------- x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency
Figure 11-1. Timer/Counter 1 Mode 0: 13-bit Counter
OSC /CDV /TPS
C/T = 0 TL1 (5 Bits) TH1 (8 Bits)
TF1 Interrupt
T1 Pin
C/T = 1
Control
TR1 GATE1 INT1 Pin
Mode 0 operation is the same for Timer 0 as for Timer 1, except that TR0, TF0, GATE0 and INT0 replace the corresponding Timer 1 signals in Figure 11-1. There are two different C/T bits, one for Timer 1 (TMOD.6) and one for Timer 0 (TMOD.2).
11.2
Mode 1 - 16-bit Timer/Counter
In Mode 1 the Timers are configured for 16-bit operation. The Timer register is run with all 16 bits and the clock is applied to the combined high and low timer registers (TH1/TL1). As clock pulses are received, the timer counts up: 0000H, 0001H, 0002H, etc. An overflow occurs on the FFFFH-to-0000H transition, upon which the overflow flag bit in TCON is set. See Figure 11-2. Mode 1 operation is the same for Timer/Counter 0. Mode 1: 65536 Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------- x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency
Figure 11-2. Timer/Counter 1 Mode 1: 16-bit Counter
OSC /CDV /TPS
C/T = 0 TL1 (8 Bits) TH1 (8 Bits)
TF1 Interrupt
T1 Pin
C/T =1
Control
TR1 GATE1 INT1 Pin
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11.3 Mode 2 - 8-bit Auto-Reload Timer/Counter
Mode 2 configures the Timer register as an 8-bit Counter (TL1) with automatic reload, as shown in Figure 11-3. Overflow from TL1 not only sets TF1, but also reloads TL1 with the contents of TH1, which is preset by software. The reload leaves TH1 unchanged. Mode 2 operation is the same for Timer/Counter 0. Mode 2: ( 256 - TH0 ) Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------- x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency
Figure 11-3. Timer/Counter 1 Mode 2: 8-bit Auto-Reload
OSC
/CDV
/TPS
C/T = 0 TL1 (8 Bits) C/T = 1 TF1 Interrupt
T1 Pin TR1 GATE1 INT0 Pin
Control
Reload TH1 (8 Bits)
11.4
Mode 3 - 8-bit Split Timer
Timer 1 in Mode 3 simply holds its count. The effect is the same as setting TR1 = 0. Timer 0 in Mode 3 establishes TL0 and TH0 as two separate counters. The logic for Mode 3 on Timer 0 is shown in Figure 11-4. TL0 uses the Timer 0 control bits: C/T, GATE0, TR0, INT0, and TF0. TH0 is locked into a timer function (counting clock cycles) and takes over the use of TR1 and TF1 from Timer 1. Thus, TH0 now controls the Timer 1 interrupt. While Timer 0 is in Mode 3, Timer 1 will still obey its settings in TMOD but cannot generate an interrupt. Mode 3 is for applications requiring an extra 8-bit timer or counter. With Timer 0 in Mode 3, the AT89LP51/52 can appear to have four Timer/Counters. When Timer 0 is in Mode 3, Timer 1 can be turned on and off by switching it out of and into its own Mode 3. In this case, Timer 1 can still be used by the serial port as a baud rate generator or in any application not requiring an interrupt. Figure 11-4. Timer/Counter 0 Mode 3: Two 8-bit Counters
OSC /CDV /TPS
C/T = 0 C/T =1
T0 Pin Control
(8 Bits)
Interrupt
GATE0 INT0 Pin
OSC /CDV /TPS Control
(8 Bits)
Interrupt
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Table 11-2.
.
TCON - Timer/Counter Control Register Reset Value = 0000 0000B
TCON = 88H Bit Addressable TF1 Bit Symbol TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0 7 Function TR1 6 TF0 5 TR0 4 IE1 3 IT1 2
IE0 1
IT0 0
Timer 1 overflow flag. Set by hardware on Timer/Counter overflow. Cleared by hardware when the processor vectors to interrupt routine. Timer 1 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn Timer/Counter on/off. Timer 0 overflow flag. Set by hardware on Timer/Counter overflow. Cleared by hardware when the processor vectors to interrupt routine. Timer 0 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn Timer/Counter on/off. Interrupt 1 edge flag. Set by hardware when external interrupt edge detected. Cleared when interrupt processed. Interrupt 1 type control bit. Set/cleared by software to specify falling edge/low level triggered external interrupts. Interrupt 0 edge flag. Set by hardware when external interrupt edge detected. Cleared when interrupt processed. Interrupt 0 type control bit. Set/cleared by software to specify falling edge/low level triggered external interrupts. TCONB - Timer/Counter Control Register B Reset Value = 0000 0000B
Table 11-3.
TCONB = 91H Not Bit Addressable T1OE Bit Symbol T1OE T0OE SPEN 7 Function Timer 1 Output Enable. Configures Timer 1 to toggle T1 (P3.5) upon overflow. Timer 0 Output Enable. Configures Timer 0 to toggle T0 (P3.4) upon overflow. Enables SPI mode for UART mode 0 T0OE 6 SPEN 5 - 4 - 3 - 2
- 1
- 0
11.5
Clock Output (Pin Toggle Mode)
On the AT89LP51/52, Timer 0 and Timer 1 may be independently configured to toggle their respective counter pins, T0 and T1, on overflow by setting the T0OE or T1OE bits in TCONB. The C/Tx bits must be set to "0" when in toggle mode and the T0 (P3.4) and T1 (P3.5) pins must be configured in an output mode. The Timer Overflow Flags and Interrupts will continue to function while in toggle mode and Timer 1 may still generate the baud rate for the UART. The timer GATE function also works in toggle mode, allowing the output to be halted by an external input. Toggle mode can be used with Timer Mode 2 to output a 50% duty cycle clock with 8-bit programmable frequency. Tx is toggled at every Timer x overflow with the pulse width determined by the value of THx. An example waveform is given in Figure 11-5. The following formula gives the output frequency for Timer 0 in Mode 2. Mode 2: System Frequency 1f out = ------------------------------------------------- x -------------------2 x ( 256 - TH0 ) TPS + 1
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Figure 11-5. Timer 0/1 Toggle Mode 2 Waveform
FFh
THx
Tx
Table 11-4.
TMOD - Timer/Counter Mode Control Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
TMOD Address = 089H Not Bit Addressable GATE1 Bit Symbol GATE1 C/T1 T1M1 T1M0 7 Function C/T1 6 T1M1 5 T1M0 4 GATE0 3 C/T0 2
T0M0 1
T0M1 0
Timer 1 Gating Control. When set, Timer/Counter 1 is enabled only while INT1 pin is high and TR1 control pin is set. When cleared, Timer 1 is enabled whenever TR1 control bit is set. Timer or Counter Selector 1. Cleared for Timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for Counter operation (input from T1 input pin). C/T1 must be zero when using Timer 1 in Clock Out mode. Timer 1 Operating Mode Mode 0 1 2 3 T1M1 0 0 1 1 T1M0 0 1 0 1 Operation 13-bit Timer Mode. 8-bit Timer/Counter TH1 with TL1 as 5-bit prescaler. 16-bit Timer Mode. TH1 and TL1 are cascaded to form a 16-bit Timer/Counter. 8-bit Auto Reload Mode. TH1 holds a value which is reloaded into 8-bit Timer/Counter TL1 each time it overflows. Timer/Counter 1 is stopped
GATE0 C/T0 T0M1 T0M0
Timer 0 Gating Control. When set, Timer/Counter 0 is enabled only while INT0 pin is high and TR0 control pin is set. When cleared, Timer 0 is enabled whenever TR0 control bit is set. Timer or Counter Selector 0. Cleared for Timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for Counter operation (input from T0 input pin). C/T0 must be zero when using Timer 0 in Clock Out mode. Timer 0 Operating Mode Mode 0 1 2 3 T0M1 0 0 1 1 T0M0 0 1 0 1 Operation 13-bit Timer Mode. 8-bit Timer/Counter TH0 with TL0 as 5-bit prescaler. 16-bit Timer Mode. TH0 and TL0 are cascaded to form a 16-bit Timer/Counter. 8-bit Auto Reload Mode. TH0 holds a value which is reloaded into 8-bit Timer/Counter TL0 each time it overflows. Split Timer Mode. TL0 is an 8-bit Timer/Counter controlled by the standard Timer 0 control bits. TH0 is an 8-bit timer only controlled by Timer 1 control bits.
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12. Timer 2
The AT89LP51/52 includes a 16-bit Timer/Counter 2 with the following features: * 16-bit timer/counter with one 16-bit reload/capture register * One external reload/capture input * Up/Down counting mode with external direction control * UART baud rate generation * Output-pin toggle on timer overflow * Dual slope symmetric operating modes * Timer 2 is included in AT89LP51, unlike AT89S51. Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON and T2MOD, as shown in Table 12-3. Timer 2 also serves as the time base for the Compare/Capture Array (See Section 13. "External Interrupts" on page 56). Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the register is incremented every clock cycle. Since a clock cycle consists of one oscillator period, the count rate is equal to the oscillator frequency. The timer rate can be prescaled by a value between 1 and 16 using the Timer Prescaler (see Table 6-2 on page 30). In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled every clock cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two clock cycles are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/2 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full clock cycle. Table 12-1. Timer 2 Operating Modes
CP/RL2 0 0 1 X X X DCEN 0 1 X X X X T2OE 0 0 0 X 1 X TR2 1 1 1 1 1 0 MODE 16-bit Auto-reload 16-bit Auto-reload Up-Down 16-bit Capture Baud Rate Generator Frequency Generator (Off)
RCLK + TCLK 0 0 0 1 X X
The following definitions for Timer 2 are used in the subsequent paragraphs: Table 12-2.
Symbol MIN MAX BOTTOM
Timer 2 Definitions
Definition 0000H FFFFH 16-bit value of {RCAP2H,RCAP2L}
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12.1 Timer 2 Registers
Control and status bits for Timer 2 are contained in registers T2CON (see Table 12-3) and T2MOD (see Table 12-4). The register pair {TH2, TL2} at addresses 0CDH and 0CCH are the 16-bit timer register for Timer 2. The register pair {RCAP2H, RCAP2L} at addresses 0CBH and 0CAH are the 16-bit Capture/Reload register for Timer 2 in capture and auto-reload modes. Table 12-3. T2CON - Timer/Counter 2 Control Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
T2CON Address = 0C8H Bit Addressable TF2 Bit Symbol TF2 7 Function EXF2 6 RCLK 5 TCLK 4 EXEN2 3 TR2 2
C/T2 1
CP/RL2 0
Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and must be cleared by software. TF2 will not be set when either RCLK = 1 or TCLK = 1. Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX and EXEN2 = 1. When Timer 2 interrupt is enabled, EXF2 = 1 will cause the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine. EXF2 must be cleared by software. EXF2 does not cause an interrupt in up/down counter mode (DCEN = 1) or dual-slope mode. Receive clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its receive clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. RCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflows to be used for the receive clock. Transmit clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its transmit clock in serial port Modes 1 and 3. TCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflows to be used for the transmit clock. Timer 2 external enable. When set, allows a capture or reload to occur as a result of a negative transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to clock the serial port. EXEN2 = 0 causes Timer 2 to ignore events at T2EX. Start/Stop control for Timer 2. TR2 = 1 starts the timer. Timer or counter select for Timer 2. C/T2 = 0 for timer function. C/T2 = 1 for external event counter (falling edge triggered). Capture/Reload select. CP/RL2 = 1 causes captures to occur on negative transitions at T2EX if EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0 causes automatic reloads to occur when Timer 2 overflows or negative transitions occur at T2EX when EXEN2 = 1. When either RCLK or TCLK = 1, this bit is ignored and the timer is forced to auto-reload on Timer 2 overflow.
EXF2
RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/T2
CP/RL2
Table 12-4.
T2MOD - Timer 2 Mode Control Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
T2MOD Address = 0C9H Not Bit Addressable - Bit Symbol T2OE DCEN 7 Function - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2
T2OE 1
DCEN 0
Timer 2 Output Enable. When T2OE = 1 and C/T2 = 0, the T2 pin will toggle after every Timer 2 overflow. Timer 2 Down Count Enable. When Timer 2 operates in Auto-Reload mode and EXEN2 = 1, setting DCEN = 1 will cause Timer 2 to count up or down depending on the state of T2EX.
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12.2
Capture Mode
In the Capture mode, Timer 2 is a fixed 16-bit timer or counter that counts up from MIN to MAX. An overflow from MAX to MIN sets bit TF2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 1, a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 and TF2 bits can generate an interrupt. Capture mode is illustrated in Figure 12-1. The Timer 2 overflow rate in Capture mode is given by the following equation: Capture Mode: 65536 Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------- x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency
Figure 12-1. Timer 2 Diagram: Capture Mode
OSC /CDV /TPS C/T2 = 0 TL2 TH2 TF2 OVERFLOW C/T2 = 1 T2 PIN TRANSITION DETECTOR T2EX PIN EXF2 TR2 CAPTURE RCAP2L RCAP2H TIMER 2 INTERRUPT
EXEN2
12.3
Auto-Reload Mode
Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD (see Table 12-4). Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin. A summary of the Auto-Reload behaviors is listed in Table 12-5. Table 12-5.
DCEN 0 1 1
Summary of Auto-Reload Modes
T2EX X 0 1 Direction Up Down Up Behavior BOTTOM MAX reload to BOTTOM MAX BOTTOM underflow to MAX BOTTOM MAX overflow to BOTTOM
12.3.1
Up Counter Figure 12-2 shows Timer 2 automatically counting up when DCEN = 0. In this mode Timer 2 counts up to MAX and then sets the TF2 bit upon overflow. The overflow also causes the timer registers to be reloaded with BOTTOM, the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. If EXEN2 = 1, a 16-bit reload can be triggered either by an overflow or by a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX. This transition also sets the EXF2 bit. Both the TF2 and EXF2 bits can generate an interrupt. The Timer 2 overflow rate for this mode is given in the following equation: Auto-Reload Mode: 65536 - {RCAP2H , RCAP2L} Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency DCEN = 0
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Figure 12-2. Timer 2 Diagram: Auto-Reload Mode (DCEN = 0)
OSC /CDV /TPS TL2 TH2
Figure 12-3. Timer 2 Waveform: Auto-Reload Mode (DCEN = 0)
TF2 Set MAX
BOTTOM MIN
12.3.2
Up or Down Counter Setting DCEN = 1 enables Timer 2 to count up or down, as shown in Figure 12-5. In this mode, the T2EX pin controls the direction of the count (if EXEN2 = 1). A logic 1 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count up. When T2CM1-0 = 00B, the timer will overflow at MAX and set the TF2 bit. This overflow also causes BOTTOM, the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L, to be reloaded into the timer registers, TH2 and TL2, respectively. A logic 0 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count down. The timer underflows when TH2 and TL2 equal BOTTOM, the 16-bit value stored in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The underflow sets the TF2 bit and causes MAX to be reloaded into the timer registers. The EXF2 bit toggles whenever Timer 2 overflows or underflows and can be used as a 17th bit of resolution. In this operating mode, EXF2 does not flag an interrupt. The behavior of Timer 2 when DCEN is enabled is shown in Figure 12-4.
Figure 12-4. Timer 2 Waveform: Auto-Reload Mode (DCEN = 1)
TF2 Set MAX
BOTTOM MIN T2EX EXF2
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Figure 12-5. Timer 2 Diagram: Auto-Reload Mode (DCEN = 1)
/TPS
The timer overflow/underflow rate for up-down counting mode is the same as for up counting mode, provided that the count direction does not change. Changes to the count direction may result in longer or shorter periods between time-outs.
12.4
Baud Rate Generator
Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON (Table 12-3). Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode, as shown in Figure 12-6. The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The baud rates in UART Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2's overflow rate according to the following equation. Timer 2 Overflow Rate Modes 1 and 3 Baud Rates = ----------------------------------------------------------16 The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The baud rate formulas are given below. Modes 1, 3 System Frequency = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 x ( TPS + 1 ) x [ 65536 - ( RCAP2H,RCAP2L ) ] Baud Rate
where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned integer. Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is shown in Figure 12-6. This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an interrupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus when Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. Also note that the Baud Rate and Frequency Generator modes may be used simultaneously.
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Figure 12-6. Timer 2 in Baud Rate Generator Mode
TIMER 1 OVERFLOW
/2
"0" OSC /CDV "1" SMOD1 C/T2 = 0 "1" TL2 TH2 RCLK TR2 C/T2 = 1 "1" T2 PIN RCAP2L TRANSITION DETECTOR T2EX PIN EXEN2 RCAP2H TCLK Tx CLOCK "0" Rx CLOCK "0"
/16
/ 16
EXF2 TIMER 2 INTERRUPT
12.5
Frequency Generator (Programmable Clock Out)
Timer 2 can generate a 50% duty cycle clock on T2 (P1.0), as shown in Figure 13.. This pin, besides being a regular I/O pin, has two alternate functions. It can be programmed to input the external clock for Timer/Counter 2 or to toggle its output at every timer overflow. To configure the Timer/Counter 2 as a clock generator, bit C/T2 (T2CON.1) must be cleared and bit T2OE (T2MOD.1) must be set. Bit TR2 (T2CON.2) starts and stops the timer. The clock-out frequency depends on the system frequency and the reload value of Timer 2 capture registers (RCAP2H, RCAP2L), as shown in the following equation.
System Frequency Clock Out Frequency = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 x [ 65536 - ( RCAP2H,RCAP2L ) ]
In the frequency generator mode, Timer 2 roll-overs will not generate an interrupt. This behavior is similar to when Timer 2 is used as a baud-rate generator. It is possible to use Timer 2 as a baud-rate generator and a clock generator simultaneously. Note, however, that the baud-rate and clock-out frequencies cannot be determined independently from one another since they both use RCAP2H and RCAP2L. Figure 12-7. Timer 2 in Clock-out Mode
OSC /CDV TL2 TH2
TR2
C/T2
RCAP2L
RCAP2H T2OE
T2 PIN
/2
T2EX PIN TRANSITION DETECTOR
EXF2
TIMER 2 INTERRUPT
EXEN2
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13. External Interrupts
The INT0 (P3.2) and INT1 (P3.3) pins of the AT89LP51/52 may be used as external interrupt sources. The external interrupts can be programmed to be level-activated or transition-activated by setting or clearing bit IT1 or IT0 in Register TCON. If ITx = 0, external interrupt x is triggered by a detected low at the INTx pin. If ITx = 1, external interrupt x is edge-triggered. In this mode if successive samples of the INTx pin show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, interrupt request flag IEx in TCON is set. Flag bit IEx then requests the interrupt. Since the external interrupt pins are sampled once each clock cycle, an input high or low should hold for at least 2 system periods to ensure sampling. If the external interrupt is transition-activated, the external source has to hold the request pin high for at least two clock cycles, and then hold it low for at least two clock cycles to ensure that the transition is seen so that interrupt request flag IEx will be set. IEx will be automatically cleared by the CPU when the service routine is called if generated in edge-triggered mode. If the external interrupt is level-activated, the external source has to hold the request active until the requested interrupt is actually generated. Then the external source must deactivate the request before the interrupt service routine is completed, or else another interrupt will be generated. Both INT0 and INT1 may wake up the device from the Power-down state.
14. Serial Interface (UART)
The serial interface on the AT89LP51/52 implements a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART). The UART has the following features: * Full-duplex Operation * 8 or 9 Data Bits * Framing Error Detection * Multiprocessor Communication Mode with Automatic Address Recognition * Baud Rate Generator Using Timer 1 or Timer 2 * Interrupt on Receive Buffer Full or Transmission Complete * Synchronous SPI or TWI Master Emulation The serial interface is full-duplex, which means it can transmit and receive simultaneously. It is also receive-buffered, which means it can begin receiving a second byte before a previously received byte has been read from the receive register. (However, if the first byte still has not been read when reception of the second byte is complete, one of the bytes will be lost.) The serial port receive and transmit registers are both accessed at the Special Function Register SBUF. Writing to SBUF loads the transmit register, and reading SBUF accesses a physically separate receive register. The serial port can operate in the following four modes. * Mode 0: Serial data enters and exits through RXD. TXD outputs the shift clock. Eight data bits are transmitted/received, with the LSB first. The baud rate is programmable to 1/6 or 1/3 the system frequency in Compatibility mode, 1/4 or 1/2 the system frequency in Fast mode, or variable based on Time 1. * Mode 1: 10 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (1). On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in the Special Function Register SCON. The baud rate is variable based on Timer 1 or Timer 2. * Mode 2: 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). On transmit, the 9th data bit (TB8 in SCON) can be assigned the value of "0" or "1". For example, the parity bit (P, in the PSW) can be moved into TB8. On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in the
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Special Function Register SCON, while the stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/16 or 1/32 the system frequency. * Mode 3: 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). In fact, Mode 3 is the same as Mode 2 in all respects except the baud rate, which is variable based on Timer 1 or Timer 2 in Mode 3. In all four modes, transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. Reception is initiated in Mode 0 by the condition RI = 0 and REN = 1. Reception is initiated in the other modes by the incoming start bit if REN = 1. Table 14-1. SCON - Serial Port Control Register
Reset Value = 0000 0000B
SCON Address = 98H Bit Addressable SM0/FE Bit 7 (SMOD0 = 0/1) Symbol FE SM0
(1)
SM1 6
SM2 5
REN 4
TB8 3
RB8 2
T1 1
RI 0
Function Framing error bit. This bit is set by the receiver when an invalid stop bit is detected. The FE bit is not cleared by valid frames and must be cleared by software. The SMOD0 bit must be set to enable access to the FE bit. FE will be set regardless of the state of SMOD0. Serial Port Mode Bit 0, (SMOD0 must = 0 to access bit SM0) Serial Port Mode Bit 1
SM0 0 SM1 0 1 0 1 Mode 0 1 2 3 Description shift register 8-bit UART 9-bit UART 9-bit UART Baud Rate (Compat.)(2) fSYS/3 or fSYS/6 or Timer 1 variable (Timer 1 or Timer 2) fSYS/32 or fSYS/16 variable (Timer 1 or Timer 2) Baud Rate (Fast)(2) fSYS/2 or fSYS/4 or Timer 1 variable (Timer 1 or Timer 2) fSYS/32 or fSYS/16 variable (Timer 1 or Timer 2)
SM1
0 1 1
SM2
Enables the Automatic Address Recognition feature in Modes 2 or 3. If SM2 = 1 then Rl will not be set unless the received 9th data bit (RB8) is 1, indicating an address, and the received byte is a Given or Broadcast Address. In Mode 1, if SM2 = 1 then Rl will not be activated unless a valid stop bit was received, and the received byte is a Given or Broadcast Address. In Mode 0, SM2 determines the idle state of the shift clock such that the clock is the inverse of SM2, i.e. when SM2 = 0 the clock idles high and when SM2 = 1 the clock idles low. Enables serial reception. Set by software to enable reception. Clear by software to disable reception. The 9th data bit that will be transmitted in Modes 2 and 3. Set or clear by software as desired. In Mode 0, setting TB8 enables Timer 1 as the shift clock generator. In Modes 2 and 3, the 9th data bit that was received. In Mode 1, if SM2 = 0, RB8 is the stop bit that was received. In Mode 0, RB8 is not used. Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit time in Mode 0, or at the beginning of the stop bit in the other modes, in any serial transmission. Must be cleared by software. Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit time in Mode 0, or halfway through the stop bit time in the other modes, in any serial reception (except see SM2). Must be cleared by software. 1. SMOD0 is located at PCON.6. 2. fSYS = system frequency. The baud rate depends on SMOD1 (PCON.7).
REN TB8 RB8 TI RI Notes:
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14.1
Multiprocessor Communications
Modes 2 and 3 have a special provision for multiprocessor communications. In these modes, 9 data bits are received, followed by a stop bit. The 9th bit goes into RB8. Then comes a stop bit. The port can be programmed such that when the stop bit is received, the serial port interrupt is activated only if RB8 = 1. This feature is enabled by setting bit SM2 in SCON. The following example shows how to use the serial interrupt for multiprocessor communications. When the master processor must transmit a block of data to one of several slaves, it first sends out an address byte that identifies the target slave. An address byte differs from a data byte in that the 9th bit is "1" in an address byte and "0" in a data byte. With SM2 = 1, no slave is interrupted by a data byte. An address byte, however, interrupts all slaves. Each slave can examine the received byte and see if it is being addressed. The addressed slave clears its SM2 bit and prepares to receive the data bytes that follows. The slaves that are not addressed set their SM2 bits and ignore the data bytes. See "Automatic Address Recognition" on page 60. The SM2 bit can be used to check the validity of the stop bit in Mode 1. In a Mode 1 reception, if SM2 = 1, the receive interrupt is not activated unless a valid stop bit is received.
14.2
Baud Rates
The baud rate in Mode 0 depends on the value of the SMOD1 bit in Special Function Register PCON.7. If SMOD1 = 0 (the value on reset) and TB8 = 0, the baud rate is 1/4 of the system frequency in Fast mode. If SMOD1 = 1 and TB8 = 0, the baud rate is 1/2 of the system frequency, as shown in the following equation: Mode 0 Baud Rate TB8 = 0 2 = ------------------- x System Frequency 4
SMOD1
:In Compatibility mode the baud rate is 1/6 of the system frequency, scaling to 1/3 when SMOD1 = 1. Mode 0 Baud Rate TB8 = 0 2 = ------------------- x System Frequency 6
SMOD1
The baud rate in Mode 2 also depends on the value of the SMOD1 bit. If SMOD1 = 0, the baud rate is 1/32 of the system frequency. If SMOD1 = 1, the baud rate is 1/16 of the system frequency, as shown in the following equation:
2 Mode 2 Baud Rate = ------------------- x System Frequency 32
SMOD1
14.2.1
Using Timer 1 to Generate Baud Rates Setting TB8 = 1 in Mode 0 enables Timer 1 as the baud rate generator. When Timer 1 is the baud rate generator for Mode 0, the baud rates are determined by the Timer 1 overflow rate and the value of SMOD1 according to the following equation: Mode 0 Baud Rate TB8 = 1 2 = ------------------- x (Timer 1 Overflow Rate) 4
SMOD1
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The Timer 1 overflow rate normally determines the baud rates in Modes 1 and 3. When Timer 1 is the baud rate generator, the baud rates are determined by the Timer 1 overflow rate and the value of SMOD1 according to the following equation: Modes 1, 3 2 = ------------------- x (Timer 1 Overflow Rate) 32 Baud Rate
SMOD1
The Timer 1 interrupt should be disabled in this application. The Timer itself can be configured for either timer or counter operation in any of its 3 running modes. In the most typical applications, it is configured for timer operation in auto-reload mode (high nibble of TMOD = 0010B). In this case, the baud rate is given by the following formula: Modes 1, 3 2 1- System Frequency = ------------------- x ------------------------------------------------- x -------------------32 [ 256 - ( TH1 ) ] TPS + 1 Baud Rate
SMOD1
Table 14-2 lists commonly used baud rates and how they can be obtained from Timer 1. Table 14-2. Commonly Used Baud Rates Generated by Timer 1
Timer 1 Baud Rate Mode 0 Max: 6 MHz Mode 2 Max: 750K Modes 1, 3 Max: 750K 19.2K 9.6K 4.8K 2.4K 1.2K 137.5 110 110 19.2K 9.6K 4.8K 2.4K 1.2K 137.5 110 110 fOSC (MHz) 12 12 12 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.986 6 12 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.986 6 12 CDV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SMOD1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C/T X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mode X X 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 TPS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Reload Value X X F4H DCH DCH B8H 70H FEE0H F55CH F2AFH F2AFH FDH FDH FAH F4H E8H 1DH 72H FEEBH
14.2.2
Using Timer 2 to Generate Baud Rates Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON. Under these conditions, the baud rates for transmit and receive can be simultaneously different by using Timer 1 for transmit and Timer 2 for receive, or vice versa. The baud rate generator mode
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is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. In this case, the baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2's overflow rate according to the following equation: Modes 1 and 3 Baud Rate 1 System Frequency = ----- x -------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 [ 65536 - ( RCAP2H,RCAP2L ) ]
Table 14-3 lists commonly used baud rates and how they can be obtained from Timer 2. Table 14-3. Commonly Used Baud Rates Generated by Timer 2
Timer 2 Baud Rate Max: 750K 19.2K 9.6K 4.8K 2.4K 1.2K 137.5 110 110 19.2K 9.6K 4.8K 2.4K 1.2K 137.5 110 fOSC (MHz) 12 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.986 6 12 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.059 11.986 12 CDV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CP/RL2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C/T2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TCLK or RCLK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Reload Value FFFFH FFDCH FFB8H FF70H FEE0H FDC0H EAB8H F2AFH E55EH FFEEH FFDCH FFB8H FF70H FEE0H F55CH F2AFH
14.3
Framing Error Detection
In addition to all of its usual modes, the UART can perform framing error detection by looking for missing stop bits, and automatic address recognition. When used for framing error detect, the UART looks for missing stop bits in the communication. A missing bit will set the FE bit in the SCON register. The FE bit shares the SCON.7 bit with SM0 and the function of SCON.7 is determined by PCON.6 (SMOD0). If SMOD0 is set then SCON.7 functions as FE. SCON.7 functions as SM0 when SMOD0 is cleared. When used as FE, SCON.7 can only be cleared by software. The FE bit will be set by a framing error regardless of the state of SMOD0.
14.4
Automatic Address Recognition
Automatic Address Recognition is a feature which allows the UART to recognize certain addresses in the serial bit stream by using hardware to make the comparisons. This feature saves a great deal of software overhead by eliminating the need for the software to examine every serial address which passes by the serial port. This feature is enabled by setting the SM2 bit in SCON for Modes 1, 2 or 3. In the 9-bit UART modes, Mode 2 and Mode 3, the Receive
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Interrupt flag (RI) will be automatically set when the received byte contains either the "Given" address or the "Broadcast" address. The 9-bit mode requires that the 9th information bit be a "1" to indicate that the received information is an address and not data. In Mode 1 (8-bit) the RI flag will be set if SM2 is enabled and the information received has a valid stop bit following the 8th address bits and the information is either a Given or Broadcast address. Automatic Address Recognition is not available during Mode 0. Using the Automatic Address Recognition feature allows a master to selectively communicate with one or more slaves by invoking the given slave address or addresses. All of the slaves may be contacted by using the Broadcast address. Two special Function Registers are used to define the slave's address, SADDR, and the address mask, SADEN. SADEN is used to define which bits in the SADDR are to be used and which bits are "don't care". The SADEN mask can be logically ANDed with the SADDR to create the "Given" address which the master will use for addressing each of the slaves. Use of the Given address allows multiple slaves to be recognized while excluding others. The following examples show the versatility of this scheme: Slave 0 SADDR = 1100 0000 SADEN = 1111 1101 Given = 1100 00X0 SADDR = 1100 0000 SADEN = 1111 1110 Given = 1100 000X
Slave 1
In the previous example, SADDR is the same and the SADEN data is used to differentiate between the two slaves. Slave 0 requires a "0" in bit 0 and it ignores bit 1. Slave 1 requires a "0" in bit 1 and bit 0 is ignored. A unique address for slave 0 would be 1100 0010 since slave 1 requires a "0" in bit 1. A unique address for slave 1 would be 1100 0001 since a "1" in bit 0 will exclude slave 0. Both slaves can be selected at the same time by an address which has bit 0 = 0 (for slave 0) and bit 1 = 0 (for slave 1). Thus, both could be addressed with 1100 0000. In a more complex system, the following could be used to select slaves 1 and 2 while excluding slave 0: Slave 0 SADDR = 1100 0000 SADEN = 1111 1001 Given = 1100 0XX0 SADDR = 1110 0000 SADEN = 1111 1010 Given = 1110 0X0X SADDR = 1110 0000 SADEN = 1111 1100 Given = 1110 00XX
Slave 1
Slave 2
In the above example, the differentiation among the 3 slaves is in the lower 3 address bits. Slave 0 requires that bit 0 = 0 and it can be uniquely addressed by 1110 0110. Slave 1 requires that bit 1 = 0 and it can be uniquely addressed by 1110 and 0101. Slave 2 requires that bit 2 = 0 and its unique address is 1110 0011. To select Slaves 0 and 1 and exclude Slave 2, use address 1110 0100, since it is necessary to make bit 2 = 1 to exclude slave 2.
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The Broadcast Address for each slave is created by taking the logic OR of SADDR and SADEN. Zeros in this result are trended as don't cares. In most cases, interpreting the don't cares as ones, the broadcast address will be FF hexadecimal. Upon reset SADDR (SFR address 0A9H) and SADEN (SFR address 0B9H) are loaded with "0"s. This produces a given address of all "don't cares" as well as a Broadcast address of all "don't cares". This effectively disables the Automatic Addressing mode and allows the microcontroller to use standard 80C51-type UART drivers which do not make use of this feature.
14.5
More About Mode 0
In Mode 0, the UART is configured as either a two wire half-duplex or three wire full-duplex synchronous serial interface. In two-wire mode serial data enters and exits through RXD and TXD outputs the shift clock. In three-wire mode serial data enters through MISO, exits through MOSI and SCK outputs the shift clock. Eight data bits are transmitted/received, with the LSB first. Figure 14-3 and Figure 14-5 on page 67 show simplified functional diagrams of the serial port in Mode 0 and associated timing. The baud rate is programmable to 1/2 or 1/4 the system frequency by setting/clearing the SMOD1 bit in Fast mode, or 1/3 or 1/6 the system frequency in Compatibility mode. However, changing SMOD1 has an effect on the relationship between the clock and data as described below. The baud rate can also be generated by Timer 1 by setting TB8. Table 14-4 lists the baud rate options for Mode 0. Table 14-4.
TB8 0 0 1 1
Mode 0 Baud Rates
SMOD1 0 1 0 1 Baud Rate (Fast) fSYS/4 fSYS/2 (Timer 1 Overflow) / 4 (Timer 1 Overflow) / 2 Baud Rate (Compatibility) fSYS/6 fSYS/3 (Timer 1 Overflow) / 4 (Timer 1 Overflow) / 2
14.5.1
Two-Wire (Half-Duplex) Mode Transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. The "write to SBUF" signal also loads a "1" into the 9th position of the transmit shift register and tells the TX Control Block to begin a transmission. The internal timing is such that one full bit slot may elapse between "write to SBUF" and activation of SEND. SEND transfers the output of the shift register to the alternate output function line of P3.0, and also transfers Shift Clock to the alternate output function line of P3.1. As data bits shift out to the right, "0"s come in from the left. When the MSB of the data byte is at the output position of the shift register, the "1" that was initially loaded into the 9th position is just to the left of the MSB, and all positions to the left of that contain "0"s. This condition flags the TX Control block to do one last shift, then deactivate SEND and set TI. Reception is initiated by the condition REN = 1 and RI = 0. At the next clock cycle, the RX Control unit writes the bits 11111110B to the receive shift register and activates RECEIVE in the next clock phase. RECEIVE enables Shift Clock to the alternate output function line of P3.1. As data bits come in from the right, "1"s shift out to the left. When the "0" that was initially loaded into the right-most position arrives at the left-most position in the shift register, it flags the RX Control block to do one last shift and load SBUF. Then RECEIVE is cleared and RI is set. The relationship between the shift clock and data is determined by the combination of the SM2 and SMOD1 bits as listed in Table 14-5 and shown in Figure . The SM2 bit determines the idle
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state of the clock when not currently transmitting/receiving. The SMOD1 bit determines if the output data is stable for both edges of the clock, or just one. Table 14-5.
SM2 0 0 1 1
Mode 0 Clock and Data Modes
SMOD1 0 1 0 1 Clock Idle High High Low Low Data Changes While clock is high Negative edge of clock While clock is low Negative edge of clock Data Sampled Positive edge of clock Positive edge of clock Negative edge of clock Positive edge of clock
In Two-Wire configuration Mode 0 may be used as a hardware accelerator for software emulation of serial interfaces such as a half-duplex Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) master in mode (0,0) or (1,1) or a Two-Wire Interface (TWI) in master mode. An example of Mode 0 emulating a TWI master device is shown in Figure 14-2. In this example, the start, stop, and acknowledge are handled in software while the byte transmission is done in hardware. Falling/rising edges on TXD are created by setting/clearing SM2. Rising/falling edges on RXD are forced by setting/clearing the P3.0 register bit. SM2 and P3.0 must be 1 while the byte is being transferred. Figure 14-1. Mode 0 Waveforms (Two-Wire)
SMOD1 = 0 SM2 = 0
TXD 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
RXD (TX) RXD (RX)
SMOD1 = 1 SM2 = 0
TXD 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
RXD (TX) RXD (RX)
SMOD1 = 0 SM2 = 1
TXD 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
RXD (TX) RXD (RX)
SMOD1 = 1 SM2 = 1
TXD 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
RXD (TX) RXD (RX)
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Figure 14-2. UART Mode 0 TWI Emulation (SMOD1 = 1)
(SCL) TXD (SDA) RXD SM2 P3.0 Sample ACK Write to SBUF TI 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ACK
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Figure 14-3. Serial Port Mode 0 (Two-Wire)
TIMER 1 OVERFLOW
INTERNAL BUS
f sys
0
"1"
1 TB8
/2
/2 0 SMOD1 SM2 1
INTERNAL BUS
WRITE TO SBUF SEND SHIFT RXD (DATA OUT) TXD (SHIFT CLOCK) TI
WRITE TO SCON (CLEAR RI) RI RECEIVE SHIFT RXD (DATA IN) TXD (SHIFT CLOCK)
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Mode 0 transfers data LSB first whereas SPI or TWI are generally MSB first. Emulation of these interfaces may require bit reversal of the transferred data bytes. The following code example reverses the bits in the accumulator:
EX: MOV REVRS: RLC XCH RRC XCH DJNZ R7, #8 A A, R6 A A, R6 R7, REVRS ; C << msb (ACC) ; msb (ACC) >> B
14.5.2
Three-Wire (Full-Duplex) Mode Three-Wire Mode is similar to Two-Wire except that the shift data input and data output are separated for full-duplex operation. Three-Wire Mode is enabled by setting the SPEN bit in TCONB. Transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. The "write to SBUF" signal also loads a "1" into the 9th position of the transmit shift register and tells the TX Control Block to begin a transmission. The internal timing is such that one full bit slot may elapse between "write to SBUF" and activation of SEND. SEND transfers the output of the shift register to the alternate output function line of P1.5, and also transfers Shift Clock to the alternate output function line of P1.7. As data bits shift out to the right, "0"s come in from the left. When the MSB of the data byte is at the output position of the shift register, the "1" that was initially loaded into the 9th position is just to the left of the MSB, and all positions to the left of that contain "0"s. This condition flags the TX Control block to do one last shift, then deactivate SEND and set TI. Reception occurs simultaneously with transmission if REN = 1. Data is input from P1.6. When REN = 1 any write to SBUF causes the RX Control unit to write the bits 11111110B to the receive shift register and activates RECEIVE in the next clock phase. As data bits come in from the right, "1"s shift out to the left. When the "0" that was initially loaded into the right-most position arrives at the left-most position in the shift register, it flags the RX Control block to do one last shift and load SBUF. Then RECEIVE is cleared and RI is set. When REN = 0, the receiver is not enabled. When a transmission occurs, SBUF will not be updated and RI will not be set even though serial data is received on P1.6. The relationship between the shift clock and data is identical to Two-Wire mode as listed in Table 14-5 and shown in Figure . Three-Wire mode uses different I/Os from Two-Wire mode and can be connected to SPI slave devices as shownin Figure 14-4. It is possible to time share the UART hardware between SPI devices connected on P1 and UART devices on P3 with the caveat that any asynchronous receptions on the RXD pin will be ignored while the UART is in Mode 0. Figure 14-4. SPI Connections for UART Mode 0
MSB
Master
8-Bit Shift Register
LSB MISO MISO
MSB
Slave
8-Bit Shift Register
LSB
MOSI
MOSI
AT89LP52
GPIO Clock Generator SCK
SS
SCK
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Figure 14-5. Serial Port Mode 0 (Three-Wire)
TIMER 1 OVERFLOW
INTERNAL BUS
f sys
0
"1"
1 TB8
/2
MOSI P1.5 ALT OUTPUT FUNCTION
/2 0 SMOD1 1
TI
SERIAL PORT INTERRUPT
SM2
SCK P1.7 ALT OUTPUT FUNCTION
MISO P1.6 ALT OUTPUT FUNCTION
INTERNAL BUS
WRITE TO SBUF SEND SHIFT MOSI (DATA OUT) SCK (SHIFT CLOCK) MISO (DATA IN) TI RI
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14.6
More About Mode 1
Ten bits are transmitted (through TXD), or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (1). On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in SCON. In the AT89LP51/52, the baud rate is determined either by the Timer 1 overflow rate, the TImer 2 overflow rate, or both. In this case one timer is for transmit and the other is for receive. Figure 14-6 shows a simplified functional diagram of the serial port in Mode 1 and associated timings for transmit and receive. Transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. The "write to SBUF" signal also loads a "1" into the 9th bit position of the transmit shift register and flags the TX Control unit that a transmission is requested. Transmission actually commences at S1P1 of the machine cycle following the next rollover in the divide-by-16 counter. Thus, the bit times are synchronized to the divide-by-16 counter, not to the "write to SBUF" signal. The transmission begins when SEND is activated, which puts the start bit at TXD. One bit time later, DATA is activated, which enables the output bit of the transmit shift register to TXD. The first shift pulse occurs one bit time after that. As data bits shift out to the right, "0"s are clocked in from the left. When the MSB of the data byte is at the output position of the shift register, the "1" that was initially loaded into the 9th position is just to the left of the MSB, and all positions to the left of that contain "0"s. This condition flags the TX Control unit to do one last shift, then deactivate SEND and set TI. This occurs at the tenth divide-by-16 rollover after "write to SBUF." Reception is initiated by a 1-to-0 transition detected at RXD. For this purpose, RXD is sampled at a rate of 16 times the established baud rate. When a transition is detected, the divide-by-16 counter is immediately reset, and 1FFH is written into the input shift register. Resetting the divide-by-16 counter aligns its roll-overs with the boundaries of the incoming bit times. The 16 states of the counter divide each bit time into 16ths. At the 7th, 8th, and 9th counter states of each bit time, the bit detector samples the value of RXD. The value accepted is the value that was seen in at least 2 of the 3 samples. This is done to reject noise. In order to reject false bits, if the value accepted during the first bit time is not 0, the receive circuits are reset and the unit continues looking for another 1-to-0 transition. If the start bit is valid, it is shifted into the input shift register, and reception of the rest of the frame proceeds. As data bits come in from the right, "1"s shift out to the left. When the start bit arrives at the leftmost position in the shift register, (which is a 9-bit register in Mode 1), it flags the RX Control block to do one last shift, load SBUF and RB8, and set RI. The signal to load SBUF and RB8 and to set RI is generated if, and only if, the following conditions are met at the time the final shift pulse is generated. RI = 0 and Either SM2 = 0, or the received stop bit = 1 If either of these two conditions is not met, the received frame is irretrievably lost. If both conditions are met, the stop bit goes into RB8, the 8 data bits go into SBUF, and RI is activated. At this time, whether or not the above conditions are met, the unit continues looking for a 1-to-0 transition in RXD.
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Figure 14-6. Serial Port Mode 1
TIMER 1 OVERFLOW TIMER 2 OVERFLOW
"1"
INTERNAL BUS
/2 "0" SMOD1 "1"
WRITE TO SBUF
S DQ CL
SBUF ZERO DETECTOR
TXD
"0" TCLK
"1" /16
START
SHIFT DATA TX CONTROL TI
SEND
RX CLOCK
"0" RCLK
"1"
SERIAL PORT INTERRUPT /16 SAMPLE 1-TO-0 TRANSITION DETECTOR RX CLOCK RI START RX CONTROL LOAD SBUF SHIFT 1FFH
BIT DETECTOR INPUT SHIFT REG. (9 BITS) RXD LOAD SBUF SHIFT
SBUF
READ SBUF
INTERNAL BUS
TX CLOCK WRITE TO SBUF SEND DATA SHIFT TXD TI
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
START BIT
RX CLOCK
STOP BIT
/16 RESET
RECEIVE
RXD
START BIT
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
STOP BIT
BIT DETECTOR SAMPLE TIMES
SHIFT
RI
TRANSMIT
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14.7
More About Modes 2 and 3
Eleven bits are transmitted (through TXD), or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). On transmit, the 9th data bit (TB8) can be assigned the value of "0" or "1". On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/16 or 1/32 of the oscillator frequency in Mode 2. Mode 3 may have a variable baud rate generated from either Timer 1 or Timer 2, depending on the state of RCLK and TCLK. Figures 14-7 and 14-8 show a functional diagram of the serial port in Modes 2 and 3. The receive portion is exactly the same as in Mode 1. The transmit portion differs from Mode 1 only in the 9th bit of the transmit shift register. Transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. The "write to SBUF" signal also loads TB8 into the 9th bit position of the transmit shift register and flags the TX Control unit that a transmission is requested. Transmission commences at S1P1 of the machine cycle following the next rollover in the divide-by-16 counter. Thus, the bit times are synchronized to the divide-by-16 counter, not to the "write to SBUF" signal. The transmission begins when SEND is activated, which puts the start bit at TXD. One bit time later, DATA is activated, which enables the output bit of the transmit shift register to TXD. The first shift pulse occurs one bit time after that. The first shift clocks a "1" (the stop bit) into the 9th bit position of the shift register. Thereafter, only "0"s are clocked in. Thus, as data bits shift out to the right, "0"s are clocked in from the left. When TB8 is at the output position of the shift register, then the stop bit is just to the left of TB8, and all positions to the left of that contain "0"s. This condition flags the TX Control unit to do one last shift, then deactivate SEND and set TI. This occurs at the 11th divide-by-16 rollover after "write to SBUF." Reception is initiated by a 1-to-0 transition detected at RXD. For this purpose, RXD is sampled at a rate of 16 times the established baud rate. When a transition is detected, the divide-by-16 counter is immediately reset, and 1FFH is written to the input shift register. At the 7th, 8th and 9th counter states of each bit time, the bit detector samples the value of RXD. The value accepted is the value that was seen in at least 2 of the 3 samples. If the value accepted during the first bit time is not 0, the receive circuits are reset and the unit continues looking for another 1-to-0 transition. If the start bit proves valid, it is shifted into the input shift register, and reception of the rest of the frame proceeds. As data bits come in from the right, "1"s shift out to the left. When the start bit arrives at the leftmost position in the shift register (which in Modes 2 and 3 is a 9-bit register), it flags the RX Control block to do one last shift, load SBUF and RB8, and set RI. The signal to load SBUF and RB8 and to set RI is generated if, and only if, the following conditions are met at the time the final shift pulse is generated: RI = 0, and Either SM2 = 0 or the received 9th data bit = 1 If either of these conditions is not met, the received frame is irretrievably lost, and RI is not set. If both conditions are met, the received 9th data bit goes into RB8, and the first 8 data bits go into SBUF. One bit time later, whether the above conditions were met or not, the unit continues looking for a 1-to-0 transition at the RXD input. Note that the value of the received stop bit is irrelevant to SBUF, RB8, or RI.
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Figure 14-7. Serial Port Mode 2
INTERNAL BUS
CPU CLOCK
SMOD1 1
SMOD1 0
INTERNAL BUS
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Figure 14-8. Serial Port Mode 3
TIMER 1 OVERFLOW
TIMER 2 OVERFLOW
INTERNAL BUS TB8
/2
"0" "1"
WRITE TO SBUF
S DQ CL
SBUF ZERO DETECTOR
TXD
SMOD1
"0" TCLK
"1"
/16
"0" RCLK "1"
SHIFT DATA START STOP BIT TX CONTROL RX CLOCK SEND TI
SERIAL PORT INTERRUPT /16 SAMPLE 1-TO-0 TRANSITION DETECTOR RX CLOCK RI START RX CONTROL LOAD SBUF SHIFT 1FFH
BIT DETECTOR INPUT SHIFT REG. (9 BITS) RXD LOAD SBUF SHIFT
SBUF
READ SBUF
TX CLOCK WRITE TO SBUF SEND DATA SHIFT TXD TI
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4
INTERNAL BUS
D5
D6
D7
TB8
START BIT
STOP BIT
STOP BIT GEN
RX CLOCK RXD RECEIVE /16 RESET
START BIT
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
RB8
BIT DETECTOR SAMPLE TIMES SHIFT
RI
STOP BIT
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15. Programmable Watchdog Timer
The programmable Watchdog Timer (WDT) protects the system from incorrect execution by triggering a system reset when it times out after the software has failed to feed the timer prior to the timer overflow. By Default the WDT counts CPU clock cycles. The prescaler bits, PS0, PS1 and PS2 in SFR WDTCON are used to set the period of the Watchdog Timer from 16K to 2048K clock cycles. The Timer Prescaler can also be used to lengthen the time-out period (see Table 6-2 on page 30) The WDT is disabled by Reset and during Power-down mode. When the WDT times out without being serviced, an internal RST pulse is generated to reset the CPU. See Table 15-1 for the available WDT period selections. Table 15-1. Watchdog Timer Time-out Period Selection
WDT Prescaler Bits PS2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Note: PS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 PS0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Period(1) (Clock Cycles) 16K 32K 64K 128K 256K 512K 1024K 2048K
1. The WDT time-out period is dependent on the system clock frequency.
2 Time-out Period = ------------------------------------------------- x ( TPS + 1 ) System Frequency The Watchdog Timer consists of a 14-bit timer with 7-bit programmable prescaler. Writing the sequence 1EH/E1H to the WDTRST register enables the timer. When the WDT is enabled, the WDTEN bit in WDTCON will be set to "1". To prevent the WDT from generating a reset when if overflows, the watchdog feed sequence must be written to WDTRST before the end of the timeout period. To feed the watchdog, two write instructions must be sequentially executed successfully. Between the two write instructions, SFR reads are allowed, but writes are not allowed. The instructions should move 1EH to the WDTRST register and then 1EH to the WDTRST register. An incorrect feed or enable sequence will cause an immediate watchdog reset. The program sequence to feed or enable the watchdog timer is as follows: MOV WDTRST, #01Eh MOV WDTRST, #0E1h
( PS + 14 )
15.1
Software Reset
A Software Reset of the AT89LP51/52 is accomplished by writing the software reset sequence 5AH/A5H to the WDTRST SFR. The WDT does not need to be enabled to generate the software reset. A normal software reset will set the SWRST flag in WDTCON. However, if at any time an incorrect sequence is written to WDTRST (i.e. anything other than 1EH/E1H or 5AH/A5H), a software reset will immediately be generated and both the SWRST and WDTOVF flags will be set. In this manner an intentional software reset may be distinguished from a software error-generated reset. The program sequence to generate a software reset is as follows: 73
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MOV WDTRST, #05Ah MOV WDTRST, #0A5h
Table 15-2.
WDTCON - Watchdog Control Register
Reset Value = 0000 0XX0B
WDTCON Address = A7H Not Bit Addressable
PS2 Bit Symbol PS2 PS1 PS0 WDIDLE DISRTO SWRST WDTOVF WDTEN Note: 7 Function
PS1 6
PS0 5
WDIDLE(1) 4
DISRTO(1) 3
SWRST 2
WDTOVF 1
WDTEN 0
Prescaler bits for the watchdog timer (WDT). When all three bits are cleared to 0, the watchdog timer has a nominal period of 16K clock cycles. When all three bits are set to 1, the nominal period is 2048K clock cycles. WDT Disable during Idle(1). When WDIDLE = 0 the WDT continues to count in Idle mode. When WDIDLE = 1 the WDT halts counting in Idle mode. Disable Reset Output(1). When DISTRO = 0 the reset pin is driven to the same level as POL when the WDT resets. When DISRTO = 1 the reset pin is input only. Software Reset Flag. Set when a software reset is generated by writing the sequence 5AH/A5H to WDTRST. Also set when an incorrect sequence is written to WDTRST. Must be cleared by software. Watchdog Overflow Flag. Set when a WDT rest is generated by the WDT timer overflow. Also set when an incorrect sequence is written to WDTRST. Must be cleared by software. Watchdog Enable Flag. This bit is READ-ONLY and reflects the status of the WDT (whether it is running or not). The WDT is disabled after any reset and must be re-enabled by writing 1EH/E1H to WDTRST
1. WDTCON.4 and WDTCON.3 function as WDIDLE and DISRTO only in Fast mode. In Compatibility mode these bits are in AUXR. (See Table 3-3 on page 19)
Table 15-3.
WDTRST - Watchdog Reset Register
(Write-Only)
WDTCON Address = A6H Not Bit Addressable
-
Bit 7
-
6
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
-
1
-
0
The WDT is enabled by writing the sequence 1EH/E1H to the WDTRST SFR. The current status may be checked by reading the WDTEN bit in WDTCON. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device, the same sequence 1EH/E1H must be written to WDTRST before the time-out interval expires. A software reset is generated by writing the sequence 5AH/A5H to WDTRST.
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16. Instruction Set Summary
The AT89LP51/52 is fully binary compatible with the 8051 instruction set. In Compatibility mode the AT89LP51/52 has identical execution time with AT89S51/52 and other standard 8051s. The difference between the AT89LP51/52 in Fast mode and the standard 8051 is the number of cycles required to execute an instruction. Fast mode instructions may take 1 to 5 clock cycles to complete. The execution times of most instructions may be computed using Table 16-1. Note that for the purposes of this table, a clock cycle is one period of the output of the system clock divider. For Fast mode the divider defaults to 1, so the clock cycle equals the oscillator period. For Compatibility mode the divider defaults to 2, so the clock cycle is twice the oscillator period, or conversely the clock count is half the number of oscillator periods. Table 16-1. Instruction Execution Times and Exceptions(1)
Fast Mode Cycle Count Formula # bytes # bytes + 1 2 4 3 4(3) 2 4 2 Clock Cycles Arithmetic ADD A, Rn ADD A, direct ADD A, @Ri ADD A, #data ADDC A, Rn ADDC A, direct ADDC A, @Ri ADDC A, #data SUBB A, Rn SUBB A, direct SUBB A, @Ri SUBB A, #data INC Rn INC direct INC @Ri INC A DEC Rn DEC direct Bytes 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Compatibility 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Fast 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 Hex Code 28-2F 25 26-27 24 38-3F 35 36-37 34 98-9F 95 96-97 94 08-0F 05 06-07 04 18-1F 15
Generic Instruction Types Most arithmetic, logical, bit and transfer instructions Branches and Calls Single Byte Indirect (i.e. ADD A, @Ri, etc.) RET, RETI MOVC MOVX MUL DIV INC DPTR
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Table 16-1.
DEC @Ri DEC A INC DPTR INC /DPTR(2) MUL AB DIV AB DA A
Instruction Execution Times and Exceptions(1) (Continued)
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 6 12 18 24 24 6 Clock Cycles 2 2 2 3 2 4 1 16-17 14 A3 A5 A3 A4 84 D4
Logical CLR A CPL A ANL A, Rn ANL A, direct ANL A, @Ri ANL A, #data ANL direct, A ANL direct, #data ORL A, Rn ORL A, direct ORL A, @Ri ORL A, #data ORL direct, A ORL direct, #data XRL A, Rn XRL A, direct XRL A, @Ri XRL A, #data XRL direct, A XRL direct, #data RL A RLC A RR A RRC A SWAP A
Bytes 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
Compatibility 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 6 6 6 6 6 12 6 6 6 6 6 12 6 6 6 6 6
Fast 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1
Hex Code E4 F4 58-5F 55 56-57 54 52 53 48-4F 45 46-47 44 42 43 68-6F 65 66-67 64 62 63 23 33 03 13 C4
Clock Cycles Data Transfer MOV A, Rn MOV A, direct MOV A, @Ri Bytes 1 2 1 Compatibility 6 6 6 Fast 1 2 2 Hex Code E8-EF E5 E6-E7
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Table 16-1.
MOV A, #data MOV Rn, A MOV Rn, direct MOV Rn, #data MOV direct, A MOV direct, Rn MOV direct, direct MOV direct, @Ri MOV direct, #data MOV @Ri, A MOV @Ri, direct MOV @Ri, #data MOV DPTR, #data16 MOV /DPTR, #data16(2) MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVC A, @A+/DPTR(2) MOVC A, @A+PC MOVX A, @Ri MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX A, @/DPTR(2) MOVX @Ri, A MOVX @DPTR, A MOVX @/DPTR, A(2) PUSH direct POP direct XCH A, Rn XCH A, direct XCH A, @Ri XCHD A, @Ri
Instruction Execution Times and Exceptions(1) (Continued)
2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 6 6 12 6 6 12 12 12 12 6 12 6 12 - 12 - 12 12 12(3) 18(3) 12 12(3) 18(3) 12 12 6 6 6 6 Clock Cycles 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 4(3) 5(3) 2 4(3) 5(3) 2 2 1 2 2 2 74 F8-FF A8-AF 78-7F F5 88-8F 85 86-87 75 F6-F7 A6-A7 76-77 90 A5 90 93 A5 93 83 E2-E3 E0 A5 E0 F2-F3 F0 A5 F0 C0 D0 C8-CF C5 C6-C7 D6-D7
Bit Operations CLR C CLR bit SETB C SETB bit CPL C CPL bit ANL C, bit ANL C, bit
Bytes 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
Compatibility 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 12
Fast 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
Hex Code C3 C2 D3 D2 B3 B2 82 B0
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Table 16-1.
ORL C, bit ORL C, /bit MOV C, bit MOV bit, C
Instruction Execution Times and Exceptions(1) (Continued)
2 2 2 2 12 12 6 12 Clock Cycles 2 2 2 2 72 A0 A2 92
Branching JC rel JNC rel JB bit, rel JNB bit, rel JBC bit, rel JZ rel JNZ rel SJMP rel ACALL addr11 LCALL addr16 RET RETI AJMP addr11 LJMP addr16 JMP @A+DPTR JMP @A+PC(2) CJNE A, direct, rel CJNE A, #data, rel CJNE Rn, #data, rel CJNE @Ri, #data, rel CJNE A, @R0, rel(2) CJNE A, @R1, rel(2) DJNZ Rn, rel DJNZ direct, rel NOP
Bytes 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1
Compatibility 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 18 18 12 12 6
Fast 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 1
Hex Code 40 50 20 30 10 60 70 80 11,31,51,71,91, B1,D1,F1 12 22 32 01,21,41,61,81, A1,C1,E1 02 73 A5 73 B5 B4 B8-BF B6-B7 A5 B6 A5 B7 D8-DF D5 00
Notes:
1. A clock cycle is one period of the output of the system clock divider. For Fast mode the divider defaults to 1, so the clock cycle equals the oscillator period. For Compatibility mode the divider defaults to 2, so the clock cycle is twice the oscillator period, or conversely the clock count is half the number of oscillator periods. 2. This escaped instruction is an extension to the instruction set. 3. This is the minimum time for MOVX with no wait states. In Compatibility mode an additional 24 clocks are added for the wait state. In Fast mode, 1 clock is added for each wait state (0-3).
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17. Programming the Flash Memory
The Atmel AT89LP51/52 microcontroller features 8K bytes of on-chip In-System Programmable Flash program memory and 256bytes of nonvolatile Flash data memory. In-System Programming allows programming and reprogramming of the microcontroller positioned inside the end system. Using a simple 3-wire SPI interface, the programmer communicates serially with the AT89LP51/52 microcontroller, reprogramming all nonvolatile memories on the chip. In-System Programming eliminates the need for physical removal of the chips from the system. This will save time and money, both during development in the lab, and when updating the software or parameters in the field. The programming interface of the AT89LP51/52 includes the following features: * Three-wire serial SPI Programming Interface or 11-pin Parallel Interface * Selectable Polarity Reset Entry into Programming * User Signature Array * Flexible Page Programming * Row Erase Capability * Page Write with Auto-Erase Commands * Programming Status Register For more detailed information on In-System Programming, refer to the Application Note entitled "AT89LP In-System Programming Specification".
17.1
Physical Interface
The AT89LP51/52 provides a standard programming command set with two physical interfaces: a bit-serial and a byte-parallel interface. Normal Flash programming utilizes the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) pins of an AT89LP51/52 microcontroller. The SPI is a full-duplex synchronous serial interface consisting of three wires: Serial Clock (SCK), Master-In/Slave-out (MISO), and Master-out/Slave-in (MOSI)). When programming an AT89LP51/52 device, the programmer always operates as the SPI master, and the target system always operates as the SPI slave. To enter or remain in Programming mode the device's reset line (RST) must be held active. With the addition of VDD and GND, an AT89LP51/52 microcontroller can be programmed with a minimum of seven connections as shown in Figure 17-1. Figure 17-1. In-System Programming Device Connections
AT89LP51/52 Serial Clock Serial Out Serial In P1.7/SCK P1.6/MISO P1.5/MOSI POL RST GND GND or VDD RST VDD
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The Parallel interface is a special mode of the serial interface, i.e. the serial interface is used to enable the parallel interface. After enabling the interface serially over P1.7/SCK and P1.5/MOSI, P1.5 is reconfigured as an active-low output enable (OE) for data on Port 0. When OE = 1, command, address and write data bytes are input on Port 0 and sampled at the rising edge of SCK. When OE = 0, read data bytes are output on Port 0 and should be sampled on the falling edge of SCK. The P1.7/SCK and RST pins continue to function in the same manner. With the addition of VDD and GND, the parallel interface requires a minimum of fourteen connections as shown in Figure 17-2. Note that a connection to P1.6/MISO is not required for using the parallel interface. Figure 17-2. Parallel Programming Device Connections
AT89LP51/52 Clock RST OE GND or VDD P1.7/SCK RST P1.5/MOSI POL P0.7-0 GND 8 Data In/Out VDD
The Programming Interface is the only means of externally programming the AT89LP51/52 microcontroller. The Interface can be used to program the device both in-system and in a standalone serial programmer. The Interface does not require any clock other than SCK and is not limited by the system clock frequency. During Programming the system clock source of the target device can operate normally. When designing a system where In-System Programming will be used, the following observations must be considered for correct operation: * The ISP interface uses the SPI clock mode 0 (CPOL = 0, CPHA = 0) exclusively with a maximum frequency of 5 MHz. * The AT89LP51/52 will enter programming mode only when its reset line (RST) is active. To simplify this operation, it is recommended that the target reset can be controlled by the InSystem programmer. To avoid problems, the In-System programmer should be able to keep the entire target system reset for the duration of the programming cycle. The target system should never attempt to drive the three SPI lines while reset is active. * The ISP Enable Fuse must be set to allow programming during any reset period. If the ISP Fuse is disabled, ISP may only be entered at POR. To enter programming the RST pin must be driven active prior to the end of Power-On Reset (POR). After POR has completed the device will remain in ISP mode until RST is brought inactive. Once the initial ISP session has ended, the power to the target device must be cycled OFF and ON to enter another session. Note that if this method is required, an active-low reset polarity is recommended. * For standalone programmers, an active-low reset polarity is recommended (POL = 0). RST may then be tied directly to GND to ensure correct entry into Programming mode regardless of the device settings.
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17.2 Memory Organization
The AT89LP51/52 offers 8K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) nonvolatile Flash code memory and 256 bytes of nonvolatile Flash data memory. In addition, the device contains a 256byte User Signature Array and a 128-byte read-only Atmel Signature Array. The memory organization is shown in Table 17-1 and Figure 17-3. The memory is divided into pages of 128 bytes each. A single read or write command may only access half a page (64 bytes) in the memory; however, write with auto-erase commands will erase an entire 128-byte page even though they can only write one half page. Each memory type resides in its own address space and is accessed by commands specific to that memory. However, all memory types share the same page size. User configuration fuses are mapped as a row in the memory, with each byte representing one fuse. From a programming standpoint, fuses are treated the same as normal code bytes except they are not affected by Chip Erase. Fuses can be enabled at any time by writing 00h to the appropriate locations in the fuse row. However, to disable a fuse, i.e. set it to FFh, the entire fuse row must be erased and then reprogrammed. The programmer should read the state of all the fuses into a temporary location, modify those fuses which need to be disabled, then issue a Fuse Write with Auto-Erase command using the temporary data. Lock bits are treated in a similar manner to fuses except they may only be erased (unlocked) by Chip Erase. Table 17-1.
Memory CODE DATA User Signature Atmel Signature
AT89LP51/52 Memory Organization
Capacity 4096 bytes 8192 bytes 256 bytes 256 bytes 128 bytes Page Size 128 bytes 128 bytes 128 bytes 128 bytes # Pages 32 64 2 2 1 Address Range 0000H - 0FFFH 0000H - 1FFFH 0000H - 00FFH 0000H - 00FFH 0000H - 007FH
Figure 17-3. AT89LP52 Memory Organization
00 Page Buffer 3F
User Fuse Row User Signature Array Atmel Signature Array Data Memory
Page 0 Low Page 1 Low Page 0 Low Page 0 Low Page 1 Low Page 0 Low Page 63 Low Page 62 Low Page 1 High Page 0 High Page 0 High Page 1 High Page 0 High Page 63 High Page 62 High 1FFF
Code Memory
Page 1 Low Page 0 Low 00 3F 40
Page 1 High Page 1 High 7F
0000
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17.3
Command Format
Programming commands consist of an opcode byte, two address bytes, and zero or more data bytes. Figure 17-4 on page 82 shows a simplified flow chart of a command sequence. A sample command packet is shown in Figure 17-5 on page 83. The SS pin defines the packet frame. SS must be brought low before the first byte in a command is sent and brought back high after the final byte in the command has been sent. The command is not complete until SS returns high. Command bytes are issued serially on MOSI. Data output bytes are received serially on MISO. Packets of variable length are supported by returning SS high when the final required byte has been transmitted. In some cases command bytes have a don't care value. Don't care bytes in the middle of a packet must be transmitted. Don't care bytes at the end of a packet may be ignored. Page oriented instructions always include a full 16-bit address. The higher order bits select the page and the lower order bits select the byte within that page. The AT89LP51/52 allocates 6 bits for byte address, 1 bit for low/high half page selection and 9 bits for page address. The half page to be accessed is always fixed by the page address and half select as transmitted. The byte address specifies the starting address for the first data byte. After each data byte has been transmitted, the byte address is incremented to point to the next data byte. This allows a page command to linearly sweep the bytes within a page. If the byte address is incremented past the last byte in the half page, the byte address will roll over to the first byte in the same half page. While loading bytes into the page buffer, overwriting previously loaded bytes will result in data corruption. For a summary of available commands, see Table 17-2 on page 84.
Figure 17-4. Command Sequence Flow Chart
Input Opcode
Input Address High Byte
Input Address Low Byte
Input/Output Data
Address +1
Byte Mode or Count == 64
no
yes
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Figure 17-5. ISP Command Packet (Serial Byte)
SCK MOSI MISO
76543210 Opcode X 76543210 Address High X 76543210 Address Low X 76543210 Data In 76543210 Data Out
Figure 17-6. ISP Command Packet (Serial Page)
SCK MOSI MISO
76543210 Opcode X 76543210 Address High X 76543210 Address Low X 76543210 Data In 0 76543210 Data Out 0 76543210 Data In 63 76543210 Data Out 63
Figure 17-7. ISP Command Packet (Parallel Byte)
SCK
WRITE
OE P0 OE P0
Opcode Address High Address Low Data Out Opcode Address High Address Low READ Data In
Figure 17-8. ISP Command Packet (Parallel Page)
SCK
WRITE
OE P0 OE P0
Opcode Address High Address Low Data Out 0 Out 62 Data Out 63 Opcode Address High Address Low READ Data In 0 Data In 63
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Table 17-2.
Command
Programming Command Summary
Opcode 1010 1100 1010 1100 1010 1100 0110 0000 0100 0000 0010 0000 0101 0000 0111 0000 0011 0000 1100 0000 1010 0000 1101 0000 1101 0010 1011 0000 0100 0001 0010 0001 0101 0001
(5)
Addr High 0101 0011 0011 0101 100x xxxx xxxx xxxx 000a aaaa 000a aaaa 000a aaaa 000a aaaa 000a aaaa xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 1110 00BB xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
Addr Low xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx asbb bbbb asbb bbbb as00 0000 as00 0000 as00 0000 asbb bbbb asbb bbbb as00 0000 as00 0000 as00 0000 00bb bbbb 00bb bbbb 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 00bb bbbb 0000 0000 0000 0000 asbb bbbb asbb bbbb as00 0000 as00 0000 as00 0000 0sbb bbbb 0s00 0000
Data 0 xxxx xxxx (0110 1001)(2) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Status Out Data In Data Out Byte 0 Byte 0 Byte 0 Data In Data Out Byte 0 Byte 0 Byte 0 Fuse In
(4) (4)
Data 1-63 - - - - - - Bytes 1-63 Bytes 1-63 Bytes 1-63 - - Bytes 1-63 Bytes 1-63 Bytes 1-63 - - Bytes 1-63 Fuses 1-63(4) Fuses 1-63(4) - - - Bytes 1-63(4) Bytes 1-63(4) - - Byte 1-63 Byte 1-63 Byte 1-63 - Byte 1-63
Program Enable(1) Parallel Enable(3) Chip Erase Read Status Write Code Byte Read Code Byte Write Code Page Write Code Page with Auto-Erase Read Code Page Write Data Byte Read Data Byte Write Data Page Write Data Page with Auto-Erase Read Data Page Write User Fuse
(5) (5) (5)
Read User Fuse
Fuse Out Fuse 0 Fuse 0
Write User Fuses
(4) (4)
Write User Fuses with Auto-Erase Read User Fuses(5) Write Lock Mode(6) Read Lock Mode Write Lock Bit
(6) (6) (6)
0111 0001 0011 0001 1010 1100 0010 0100 0100 0100 0101 0100 0011 0100 0100 0010 0010 0010 0101 0010 0111 0010 0011 0010
Fuse 0(4) xxxx xxxx xxxL LLxx Data In Byte 0
(4)
Write Lock Bits
(4)
Read Lock Bits(6) Write User Signature Byte Read User Signature Byte Write User Signature Page Write User Signature Page with Auto-Erase Read User Signature Page Read Atmel Signature Byte
(7) (7)
Byte 0(4) Data In Data Out Byte 0 Byte 0 Byte 0 Data Out Byte 0
0010 1000 0011 1000
Read Atmel Signature Page
Notes:
1. Program Enable must be the first command issued after entering into programming mode. 2. 0110 1001B is returned on MISO when Program Enable was successful. 3. Parallel Enable switches the interface from serial to parallel format until RST goes inactive. 4. Each byte address selects one fuse or lock bit. Data bytes must be 00h or FFh. 5. See Table 17-5 on page 86 for Fuse definitions. 6. See Table 17-4 on page 86 for Lock Bit definitions.
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7. Atmel Signature Bytes:
Address: AT89LP51: AT89LP52: 0000H 1EH 1EH 0001H 54H 54H 0002H 05H 06H
8. Symbol Key:
a: s: b: x: Page Address Bit Half Page Select Bit Byte Address Bit Don't Care Bit
17.4
Status Register
The current state of the memory may be accessed by reading the status register. The status register is shown in Table 17-3.
Table 17-3.
Status Register
-
Bit Symbol LOAD SUCCESS 7 Function
-
6
-
5
-
4
LOAD 3
SUCCESS 2
WRTINH 1
BUSY 0
Load flag. Cleared low by the load page buffer command and set high by the next memory write. This flag signals that the page buffer was previously loaded with data by the load page buffer command. Success flag. Cleared low at the start of a programming cycle and will only be set high if the programming cycle completes without interruption from the brownout detector. Write Inhibit flag. Cleared low by the brownout detector (BOD) whenever programming is inhibited due to VDD falling below the minimum required programming voltage. If a BOD episode occurs during programming, the SUCCESS flag will remain low after the cycle is complete. Busy flag. Cleared low whenever the memory is busy programming or if write is currently inhibited.
WRTINH BUSY
17.5
DATA Polling
The AT89LP51/52 implements DATA polling to indicate the end of a programming cycle. While the device is busy, any attempted read of the last byte written will return the data byte with the MSB complemented. Once the programming cycle has completed, the true value will be accessible. During Erase the data is assumed to be FFH and DATA polling will return 7FH. When writing multiple bytes in a page, the DATA value will be the last data byte loaded before programming begins, not the written byte with the highest physical address within the page.
17.6
Flash Security
The AT89LP51/52 provides three Lock Bits for Flash Code and Data Memory security. Lock bits can be left unprogrammed (FFh) or programmed (00h) to obtain the protection levels listed in Table 17-4. Lock bits can only be erased (set to FFh) by Chip Erase. Lock bit mode 2 disables programming of all memory spaces, including the User Signature Array and User Configuration Fuses. User fuses must be programmed before enabling Lock bit mode 2 or 3. Lock bit mode 3
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implements mode 2 and also blocks reads from the code and data memories; however, reads of the User Signature Array, Atmel Signature Array, and User Configuration Fuses are still allowed. The Lock Bits will not disable FDATA or IAP programming initiated by the application software. Table 17-4. Lock Bit Protection Modes
Program Lock Bits (by address) Mode 1 2 3 4 00h FFh 00h 00h 00h 01h FFh FFh 00h 00h 02h FFh FFh FFh 00h Protection Mode No program lock features Further programming of the Flash is disabled Further programming of the Flash is disabled and verify (read) is also disabled Further programming of the Flash is disabled and verify (read) is also disabled; External execution above 4K/8K is disabled
17.7
User Configuration Fuses
The AT89LP51/52 includes 10 user fuses for configuration of the device. Each fuse is accessed at a separate address in the User Fuse Row as listed in Table 17-5. Fuses are cleared by programming 00h to their locations. Programming FFh to a fuse location will cause that fuse to maintain its previous state. To set a fuse (set to FFh) the fuse row must be erased and then reprogrammed using the Fuse Write with Auto-erase command. The default state for all fuses is FFh.
Table 17-5.
Address
User Configuration Fuse Definitions
Fuse Name Description Selects source for the system clock:
CS1 CS0 FFh 00h FFh 00h Selected Source High Speed Crystal Oscillator (XTAL) Low Speed Crystal Oscillator (XTAL) External Clock on XTAL1 (XCLK) Internal Auxiliary Oscillator (IRC)
00 - 01h
Clock Source - CS[0:1](2)
FFh FFh 00h 00h
Selects time-out delay for the POR/BOD/PWD wake-up period:
SUT1 SUT0 00h FFh 00h FFh Selected Time-out 1 ms (XTAL); 16 s (XCLK/IRC) 2 ms (XTAL); 512 s (XCLK/IRC) 4 ms (XTAL); 1 ms (XCLK/IRC) 16 ms (XTAL); 4 ms (XCLK/IRC)
02 - 03h
Start-up Time - SUT[0:1]
00h 00h FFh FFh
04h 05h 06H
Compatibility Mode ISP Enable(3) User Signature Programming
FFh: CPU functions in 12-clock Compatibility mode 00h: CPU functions is single-cycle Fast mode FFh: In-System Programming Enabled 00h: In-System Programming Disabled (Enabled at POR only) FFh: Programming of User Signature Disabled 00h: Programming of User Signature Enabled
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Table 17-5.
Address 07H 08H 09H Notes:
User Configuration Fuse Definitions
Fuse Name Tristate Ports In-Application Programming R1 Enable Description FFh: I/O Ports start in input-only mode (tristated) after reset 00h: I/O Ports start in quasi-bidirectional mode after reset FFh: In-Application Programming Disabled 00h: In-Application Programming Enabled FFh: 5 M resistor on XTAL1 Disabled 00h: 5 M resistor on XTAL1 Enabled
1. The default state for all fuses is FFh. 2. Changes to these fuses will only take effect after a device POR. 3. Changes to these fuses will only take effect after the ISP session terminates by bringing RST inactive.
17.8
User Signature
The User Signature Array contains 256 bytes of non-volatile memory in two 128-byte pages. The User Signature is available for serial numbers, firmware revision information, date codes or other user parameters. The User Signature Array may only be written by an external device when the User Signature Programming Fuse is enabled. When the fuse is enabled, Chip Erase will also erase the first page of the array. When the fuse is disabled, the array is not affected by write or erase commands. Programming of the Signature Array can also be disabled by the Lock Bits. However, reading the signature is always allowed and the array should not be used to store security sensitive information. The User Signature Array may be modified during execution through the In-Application Programming interface, regardless of the state of the User Signature Programming fuse or Lock Bits, provided that the IAP Fuse is enabled. Note that the address of the User Signature Array, as seen by the IAP interface, equals the User Signature address plus 256 (0100H-01FFH instead of 0000H-00FFH).
17.9
Programming Interface Timing
This section details general system timing sequences and constraints for entering or exiting InSystem Programming as well as parameters related to the Serial Peripheral Interface during ISP. The general timing parameters for the following waveform figures are listed in section "Timing Parameters" on page 91.
17.9.1
Power-up Sequence Execute this sequence to enter programming mode immediately after power-up. In the RST pin is disabled or if the ISP Fuse is disabled, this is the only method to enter programming (see "External Reset" on page 32). 1. Apply power between VDD and GND pins. RST should remain low. 2. Wait at least tPWRUP. and drive RST high if active-high otherwise keep low. 3. Wait at least tSUT for the internal Power-on Reset to complete. The value of tSUT will depend on the current settings of the device. 4. Start programming session.
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Figure 17-9. Serial Programming Power-up Sequence
VDD RST RST SCK MISO MOSI HIGH Z HIGH Z tPOR + tSUT tPWRUP
17.9.2
Power-down Sequence Execute this sequence to power-down the device after programming. 1. Drive SCK low. 2. Wait at least tSSD and Tristate MOSI. 3. Wait at least tRHZ and drive RST low. 4. Wait at least tSSZ and tristate SCK. 5. Wait no more than tPWRDN and power off VDD. Figure 17-10. Serial Programming Power-down Sequence
VDD RST SCK MISO MOSI tSSD tRHZ tSSZ HIGH Z HIGH Z
tPWRDN
17.9.3
ISP Start Sequence Execute this sequence to exit CPU execution mode and enter ISP mode when the device has passed Power-On Reset and is already operational. 1. Drive RST high. 2. Wait tRLZ + tSTL. 3. Drive SCK low. 4. Start programming session.
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Figure 17-11. In-System Programming (ISP) Start Sequence
VDD XTAL1 RST SCK MISO MOSI HIGH Z HIGH Z tRLZ tSTL tZSS tSSE
17.9.4
ISP Exit Sequence Execute this sequence to exit ISP mode and resume CPU execution mode. 1. Drive SCK low. 1. Wait at least tSSD. 2. Tristate MOSI. 3. Wait at least tRHZ and bring RST low. 4. Wait tSSZ and tristate SCK. Figure 17-12. In-System Programming (ISP) Exit Sequence
VDD XTAL1 RST SCK MISO MOSI tSSD tRHZ tSSZ HIGH Z HIGH Z
Note:
The waveforms on this page are not to scale.
17.9.5
Serial Peripheral Interface The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a byte-oriented full-duplex synchronous serial communication channel. During In-System Programming, the programmer always acts as the SPI master and the target device always acts as the SPI slave. The target device receives serial data on MOSI and outputs serial data on MISO. The Programming Interface implements a standard SPI Port with a fixed data order and For In-System Programming, bytes are transferred MSB first as shown in Figure 17-13. The SCK phase and polarity follow SPI clock mode 0 (CPOL = 0, CPHA = 0) where bits are sampled on the rising edge of SCK and output on the falling edge of SCK. For more detailed timing information see Figure 17-14.
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Figure 17-13. ISP Byte Sequence
SCK MOSI MISO 7 7 6 6 5 5
Data Sampled
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
Figure 17-14. Serial Programming Interface Timing
RST
tSSE tSCK tSHSL tSR tSLSH tSOV tSOH tSIS tSIH tSOX tSF tSSD
SCK
MISO
MOSI
Figure 17-15. Parallel Programming Interface Timing
RST
tSSE tSCK tSHSL tSR tSLSH tSF tSSD
SCK
OE
tPIS tPIH tPOE tPOV tPOH tPOX
P0
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17.9.6 Timing Parameters The timing parameters for Figure 17-9, Figure 17-10, Figure 17-11, Figure 17-12, Figure 17-14 and Figure 17-15 are shown in Table . Table 17-6.
Symbol tCLCL tPWRUP tPOR tPWRDN tRLZ tSTL tRHZ tSCK tSHSL tSLSH tSR tSF tSIS tSIH tSOH tSOV tPIS tPIH tPOH tPOV tSOE tSOX tPOE tPOX tSSE tSSD tZSS tSSZ tWR tAWR Note:
Programming Interface Timing Parameters
Parameter System Clock Cycle Time Power On to SS High Time Power-on Reset Time SS Tristate to Power Off RST Low to I/O Tristate RST Low Settling Time RST High to SS Tristate Serial Clock Cycle Time Clock High Time Clock Low Time Rise Time Fall Time Serial Input Setup Time Serial Input Hold Time Serial Output Hold Time Serial Output Valid Time Parallel Input Setup Time Parallel Input Hold Time Parallel Output Hold Time Parallel Output Valid Time Serial Output Enable Time Serial Output Disable Time Parallel Output Enable Time Parallel Output Disable Time RST Active Lead Time RST Inactive Lag Time SCK Setup to SS Low SCK Hold after SS High Write Cycle Time Write Cycle with Auto-Erase Time tSLSH tSLSH 25 25 2.5 5 7.5 10 10 10 35 10 25 10 25 10 10 10 35 tCLCL 100 0 200(1) 75 50 25 25 2 tCLCL Min 0 10 100 1 2 tCLCL Max 60 Units ns s s s ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ms ms ms
tERS Chip Erase Cycle Time 1. tSCK is independent of tCLCL.
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18. Electrical Characteristics
18.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings*
*NOTICE: Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Operating Temperature ................................... -40C to +85C Storage Temperature ..................................... -65C to +150C Voltage on Any Pin with Respect to Ground......-0.7V to +5.5V Maximum Operating Voltage ............................................ 5.5V Total DC Output Current ........................................... 150.0 mA
18.2
DC Characteristics
Parameter Input Low-voltage Input High-voltage Output Low-voltage
(1)
TA = -40C to 85C, VDD = 2.4V to 5.5V (unless otherwise noted)
Symbol VIL VIH VOL Condition Min -0.5 0.2 VDD + 0.9 IOL = 10 mA, VDD = 2.4V, TA = 85C IOH = -80 A, VDD = 3V 10% VOH Output High-voltage With Weak Pull-ups Enabled IOH = -30 A IOH = -12 A VOH1 IIL ITL ILI RRST CIO Output High-voltage With Strong Pull-ups Enabled Logic 0 Input Current Logic 1 to 0 Transition Current Input Leakage Current Reset Pull-up Resistor Pin Capacitance Power Supply Current (Fast Mode) ICC Power Supply Current (Compatibility Mode) Power-down Mode(2) Notes: Test Freq. = 1 MHz, TA = 25C Active Mode, 12 MHz, VDD = 5.5V Idle Mode, 12 MHz, VDD = 5.5V Active Mode, 12 MHz, VDD = 5.5V Idle Mode, 12 MHz, VDD = 5.5V VDD = 5.5V VDD = 3V IOH = -10 mA, TA = 85C IOH = -5 mA, TA = 85C VIN = 0.45V VIN = 2V, VDD = 5V 10% 0 < VIN < VDD 50 2.4 0.75 VDD 0.9 VDD 0.9 VDD 0.75 VDD -50 -750 10 150 10 7 3 5 3 5 2 A A A k pF mA mA mA mA A A Max 0.2 VDD - 0.1 VDD + 0.5 0.5 Units V V V V V V
1. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, IOL must be externally limited as follows: Maximum IOL per port pin: 10 mA Maximum total IOL for all output pins: 100 mA If IOL exceeds the test condition, VOL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater than the listed test conditions. 2. Minimum VDD for Power-down is 2V. 3. All characteristics contained in this datasheet are based on simulation and characterization of other microcontrollers manufactured in the same process technology. These values are preliminary values representing design targets, and will be updated after characterization of actual silicon.
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18.3 Typical Characteristics
The following charts show typical behavior. These figures are not tested during manufacturing. All current consumption measurements are performed with all I/O pins configured as quasi-bidirectional (with internal pull-ups). A square wave generator with rail-to-rail output is used as an external clock source for consumption versus frequency measurements. 18.3.1 Supply Current (Internal Oscillator) Figure 18-1. Active Supply Current vs. Vcc (1.8432 MHz Internal Oscillator)
Active Supply Current vs. Vcc 1.8432 MHz Internal Oscillator
1.25
Compatibility Mode
1.00
85C -40C 25C
Icc (mA)
0.75
0.50
0.25 2.0 3.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Vcc (V) Fast Mode
2.5
85C -40C 25C
Icc (mA)
2.0
1.5
1.0 2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Vcc (V)
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Figure 18-2. Idle Supply Current vs. Vcc (1.8432 MHz Internal Oscillator)
Idle Supply Current vs. Vcc 1.8432 MHz Internal Oscillator
0.75
Compatibility Mode
85C -40C
Icc (mA)
0.50
25C
0.25
0.00 2.0 0.75
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Vcc (V) Fast Mode
85C -40C
Icc (mA)
0.50
25C
0.25
0.00 2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Vcc (V)
Note: All characteristics contained in this datasheet are based on simulation and characterization of other microcontrollers manufactured in the same process technology. These values are preliminary values representing design targets, and will be updated after characterization of actual silicon.
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18.3.2 Supply Current (External Clock) Figure 18-3. Active Supply Current vs. Frequency
Active Supply Current vs. Frequency External Clock Source
8 7 6
Compatibility Mode
5.5V 5.0V 4.5V 3.6V 3.0V 2.4V
Icc (mA)
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency (MHz)
20 18 16 14
Fast Mode
5.5V 5.0V 4.5V 3.6V 3.0V 2.4V
Icc (mA)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency (MHz)
20 18 16 14
5V Compat. 3V Compat. 5V Fast 3V Fast
Icc (mA)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
MIPS
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Figure 18-4. Idle Supply Current vs. Frequency
Idle Supply Current vs. Frequency External Clock Source
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Compatibility Mode
5.5V 5.0V 4.5V 3.6V 3.0V 2.4V
Icc (mA)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Frequency (MHz)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Fast Mode
5.5V 5.0V 4.5V 3.6V 3.0V 2.4V
Icc (mA)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Frequency (MHz)
18.4 Clock Characteristics
The values shown in this table are valid for TA = -40C to 85C and VDD = 2.4 to 5.5V, unless otherwise noted. Figure 18-5. External Clock Drive Waveform
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Table 18-1.
External Clock Parameters
VDD = 2.4V to 5.5V VDD = 4.5V to 5.5V Min 0 40 12 12 5 5 Max 25 Units MHz ns ns ns ns ns
Symbol 1/tCLCL tCLCL tCHCX tCLCX tCLCH tCHCL Note:
Parameter Oscillator Frequency(1) Clock Period External Clock High Time External Clock Low Time External Clock Rise Time External Clock Fall Time
Min 0 50
Max 20
1. No wait state (single-cycle) fetch speed for Fast Mode
Table 18-2.
Symbol fXTAL
Clock Characteristics
Parameter Crystal Oscillator Frequency High Power Oscillator Internal Oscillator Frequency TA = 25C; VDD = 5.0V VDD = 2.4 to 5.5V 0 1.824 1.751 24 1.862 1.935 MHz MHz MHz Condition Low Power Oscillator Min 0 Max 12 Units MHz
fRC
18.5
Reset Characteristics
Reset Characteristics
Parameter Reset Pull-up Resistor Power-On Reset Threshold Brown-Out Detector Threshold Brown-Out Detector Hysteresis Power-On Reset Delay Watchdog Reset Pulse Width Condition Min 50 1.3 1.9 200 135 49tCLCL Max 150 1.6 2.2 300 150 Units k V V mV s ns
The values shown in this table are valid for TA = -40C to 85C and VDD = 2.4 to 5.5V, unless otherwise noted. Table 18-3.
Symbol RRST VPOR VBOD VBH tPOR tWDTRST
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18.6
External Memory Characteristics
The values shown in this table are valid for TA = -40C to 85C and VDD = 2.4 to 5.5V, unless otherwise noted. Under operating conditions, load capacitance for Port 0, ALE and PSEN = 100 pF; load capacitance for all other outputs = 80 pF. Parameters refer to Figure 18-6, Figure 18-7 and Figure 18-8. Table 18-4.
Symbol 1/tCLCL tLHLL tAVLL tLLAX tLLIV tLLPL tPLPH tPLIV tPXIX tPXIZ tPXAV tAVIV tPLAZ tRLRH tWLWH tRLDV tRHDX tRHDZ tLLDV tAVDV tLLWL tAVWL tQVWX tQVWH tWHQX tRLAZ tWHAX tWHLH
External Program and Data Memory Characteristics
Compatibility Mode(1) Parameter Oscillator Frequency ALE Pulse Width Address Valid to ALE Low Address Hold after ALE Low ALE Low to Valid Instruction In ALE Low to PSEN Low PSEN Pulse WIdth PSEN Low to Valid Instruction In Input Instruction Hold after PSEN Input Instruction Float after PSEN PSEN to Address Valid Address to Valid Instruction In PSEN Low to Address Float RD Pulse Width
(5) (5)
Fast Mode(1) Min 0 tCLCL - d
(4) (2) (3)
Min 0 tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d
(2) (3)
Max 24
Max 24
Units MHz ns ns ns
0.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d 2tCLCL - d
2tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d 1.5tCLCL - d
(2) (2)
ns ns ns
0.5tCLCL - d 1.5tCLCL - d
(2) (2)
1.5tCLCL - d 0 0.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d
(2)
(2)
1.5tCLCL - d 0
(2)
ns ns
(2)
0.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d
(2)
(2)
ns ns
2.5tCLCL - d 10 3tCLCL - d 3tCLCL - d
(2)
2.5tCLCL - d 10 tCLCL - d tCLCL - d
(2)
ns ns ns ns
WR Pulse Width
RD Low to Valid Data In Data Hold after RD Data Float after RD ALE Low to Valid Data In Address to Valid Data In ALE Low to RD or WR Low Address to RD or WR Low Data Valid to WR Transition Data Valid to WR High Data Hold after WR RD Low to Address Float Address Hold after RD or WR High RD or WR High to ALE High 1tCLCL - d
(3)
2.5tCLCL - d 0 tCLCL - d 4tCLCL - d 4.5tCLCL - d 1.5tCLCL - d 2tCLCL - d 1tCLCL - d 4tCLCL - d 1tCLCL - d
(2) (2) (2) (3) (2)
tCLCL - d 0 tCLCL - d 2tCLCL - d 2.5tCLCL - d tCLCL - d 1.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d 1.5tCLCL - d 0.5tCLCL - d
(2) (2) (2) (3) (2)
ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
1.5tCLCL + d
tCLCL + d
-1tCLCL + d
(2)
-0.5tCLCL + d 0.5tCLCL - d
(3)
(2)
ns ns ns
0.5tCLCL - d
0.5tCLCL + d
tCLCL - d
Notes:
1. Compatibility Mode timing for MOVX also applies to Fast Mode during exeternal execution of MOVX. 2. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period depends on the clock high value tCHCX (high duty cycle). 3. This assumes 50% clock duty cycle. The half period depends on the clock low value tCLCX (low duty cycle). 4. In some cases parameter tLHLL may have a minimum of 0.5tCLCL during Fast mode external execution with DISALE = 0. 5. The strobe pulse width may be lengthened by 1, 2 or 3 additional tCLCL using wait states.
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Figure 18-6. External Program Memory Read Cycle
tLHLL ALE tAVLL PSEN tPLAZ tLLAX PORT 0
A0 - A7
tLLPL
tLLIV tPLIV
tPLPH
tPXAV tPXIZ tPXIX
INSTR IN A0 - A7
tAVIV PORT 2
A8 - A15 A8 - A15
Figure 18-7. External Data Memory Read Cycle tLHLL ALE
tLLDV tLLWL RD tRLAZ tAVLL PORT 0 A0 - A7 tAVWL tAVDV PORT 2 P2 A8 - A15 FROM DPH OR P2.0 - P2.7 tLLAX tRLDV tRHDX DATA IN tRLRH
tWHLH
tRHDZ
tWHAX P2
Figure 18-8. External Data Memory Write Cycle tLHLL ALE
tLLWL WR tQVWX tAVLL PORT 0 A0 - A7 tAVWL PORT 2 P2 tLLAX
tWLWH
tWHLH
tWHQX
DATA OUT tQVWH tWHAX P2
A8 - A15 FROM DPH OR P2.0 - P2.7
99
3709B-MICRO-12/10
18.7
Serial Port Timing: Shift Register Mode
SMOD1 = 0 SMOD1 = 1 Min 2tCLCL -15 tCLCL -15 tCLCL -15 0 15 Max Units s ns ns ns ns
The values in this table are valid for VDD = 2.4V to 5.5V and Load Capacitance = 80 pF.
Symbol tXLXL tQVXH tXHQX tXHDX tXHDV Parameter Serial Port Clock Cycle Time Output Data Setup to Clock Rising Edge Output Data Hold after Clock Rising Edge Input Data Hold after Clock Rising Edge Input Data Valid to Clock Rising Edge Min 4tCLCL -15 3tCLCL -15 tCLCL -15 0 15 Max
Figure 18-9. Shift Register Mode Timing Waveform
SMOD1 = 0 Clock Write to SBUF Output Data Clear RI Input Data
Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SMOD1 = 1 Clock Write to SBUF Output Data Clear RI Input Data
Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
18.8
18.8.1
Test Conditions
AC Testing Input/Output Waveform(1)
Note:
1. AC Inputs during testing are driven at VDD - 0.5V for a logic "1" and 0.45V for a logic "0". Timing measurements are made at VIH min. for a logic "1" and VIL max. for a logic "0".
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18.8.2 Float Waveform(1)
Note:
1. For timing purposes, a port pin is no longer floating when a 100 mV change from load voltage occurs. A port pin begins to float when 100 mV change from the loaded VOH/VOL level occurs.
18.8.3
ICC Test Condition, Active Mode, All Other Pins are Disconnected
VDD VDD VDD ICC RST GND (NC) CLOCK SIGNAL POL XTAL2 XTAL1 GND
18.8.4
ICC Test Condition, Idle Mode, All Other Pins are Disconnected
VDD VDD VDD ICC RST GND (NC) CLOCK SIGNAL POL XTAL2 XTAL1 GND
18.8.5
Clock Signal Waveform for ICC Tests in Active and Idle Modes, tCLCH = tCHCL = 5 ns
VCC - 0.5V 0.45V 0.7 VCC 0.2 VCC - 0.1V tCHCL tCHCX tCLCL tCHCX tCLCH
101
3709B-MICRO-12/10
18.8.6
ICC Test Condition, Power-down Mode, All Other Pins are Disconnected, VDD = 2V to 5.5V
VDD VDD ICC RST GND (NC) POL XTAL2 XTAL1 GND VDD
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19. Ordering Information
19.1 Green Package Option (Pb/Halide-free)
Power Supply Ordering Code AT89LP51-20AU AT89LP51-20PU AT89LP51-20JU AT89LP51-20MU AT89LP52-20AU AT89LP52-20PU AT89LP52-20JU AT89LP52-20MU Package 44A 40P6 44J 44M1 44A 40P6 44J 44M1 Operation Range Industrial (-40 C to 85 C)
Speed (MHz)
20
2.4V to 5.5V
20
2.4V to 5.5V
Industrial (-40 C to 85 C)
Package Types 44A 40P6 44J 44M1 44-lead, Thin Plastic Quad Flat Package (TQFP) 40-lead, 0.600" Wide, Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP) 44-lead, Plastic J-leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) 44-pad, 7 x 7 x 1.0 mm Body, Plastic Very Thin Quad Flat No Lead Package (VQFN/MLF)
103
3709B-MICRO-12/10
20. Packaging Information
20.1 44A - TQFP
PIN 1 B
PIN 1 IDENTIFIER
e
E1
E
D1 D C
0~7 A1 L
COMMON DIMENSIONS (Unit of Measure = mm) SYMBOL A A1 A2 D D1 E MIN - 0.05 0.95 11.75 9.90 11.75 9.90 0.30 0.09 0.45 NOM - - 1.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 10.00 - - - 0.80 TYP MAX 1.20 0.15 1.05 12.25 10.10 12.25 10.10 0.45 0.20 0.75 Note 2 Note 2 NOTE
A2
A
Notes:
1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-026, Variation ACB. 2. Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold protrusion. Allowable protrusion is 0.25 mm per side. Dimensions D1 and E1 are maximum plastic body size dimensions including mold mismatch. 3. Lead coplanarity is 0.10 mm maximum.
E1 B C L e
10/5/2001 2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 TITLE 44A, 44-lead, 10 x 10 mm Body Size, 1.0 mm Body Thickness, 0.8 mm Lead Pitch, Thin Profile Plastic Quad Flat Package (TQFP) DRAWING NO. 44A REV. B
R
104
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20.2 40P6 - PDIP
D
PIN 1
E1
A
SEATING PLANE
L B1 e E B
A1
C eB
0 ~ 15
REF
SYMBOL A A1 D E E1 B
COMMON DIMENSIONS (Unit of Measure = mm) MIN - 0.381 52.070 15.240 13.462 0.356 1.041 3.048 0.203 15.494 NOM - - - - - - - - - - 2.540 TYP MAX 4.826 - 52.578 15.875 13.970 0.559 1.651 3.556 0.381 17.526 Note 2 Note 2 NOTE
Notes:
1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-011, Variation AC. 2. Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold Flash or Protrusion. Mold Flash or Protrusion shall not exceed 0.25 mm (0.010").
B1 L C eB e
09/28/01 2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 TITLE 40P6, 40-lead (0.600"/15.24 mm Wide) Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP) DRAWING NO. 40P6 REV. B
R
105
3709B-MICRO-12/10
20.3
44J - PLCC
1.14(0.045) X 45
PIN NO. 1 IDENTIFIER
1.14(0.045) X 45 0.318(0.0125) 0.191(0.0075)
E1 B
E
B1
D2/E2
e D1 D A A2 A1
0.51(0.020)MAX 45 MAX (3X)
COMMON DIMENSIONS (Unit of Measure = mm) SYMBOL A A1 A2 D D1 E Notes: 1. This package conforms to JEDEC reference MS-018, Variation AC. 2. Dimensions D1 and E1 do not include mold protrusion. Allowable protrusion is .010"(0.254 mm) per side. Dimension D1 and E1 include mold mismatch and are measured at the extreme material condition at the upper or lower parting line. 3. Lead coplanarity is 0.004" (0.102 mm) maximum. E1 D2/E2 B B1 e MIN 4.191 2.286 0.508 17.399 16.510 17.399 16.510 14.986 0.660 0.330 NOM - - - - - - - - - - 1.270 TYP MAX 4.572 3.048 - 17.653 16.662 17.653 16.662 16.002 0.813 0.533 Note 2 Note 2 NOTE
10/04/01 2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 TITLE 44J, 44-lead, Plastic J-leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) DRAWING NO. 44J REV. B
R
106
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20.4 44M1 - VQFN/MLF
D
Marked Pin# 1 ID
E
SEATING PLANE
TOP VIEW
A1 A3
K L D2
Pin #1 Corner
A
SIDE VIEW
1 2 3
Option A
Pin #1 Triangle
COMMON DIMENSIONS (Unit of Measure = mm) SYMBOL MIN 0.80 - NOM 0.90 0.02 0.20 REF 0.18 6.90 5.00 6.90 5.00 0.23 7.00 5.20 7.00 5.20 0.50 BSC 0.59 0.20 0.64 0.26 0.69 0.41 0.30 7.10 5.40 7.10 5.40 MAX 1.00 0.05 NOTE
E2
Option B
Pin #1 Chamfer (C 0.30)
A A1 A3 b D
K b e
Option C
Pin #1 Notch (0.20 R)
D2 E E2 e L
BOTTOM VIEW
Note: JEDEC Standard MO-220, Fig. 1 (SAW Singulation) VKKD-3.
K
9/26/08 Package Drawing Contact: packagedrawings@atmel.com TITLE 44M1, 44-pad, 7 x 7 x 1.0 mm Body, Lead Pitch 0.50 mm, 5.20 mm Exposed Pad, Thermally Enhanced Plastic Very Thin Quad Flat No Lead Package (VQFN) GPC ZWS DRAWING NO. 44M1 REV. H
107
3709B-MICRO-12/10
21. Revision History
Revision No. Revision A - Sept. 2010 Revision B - Dec. 2010 History * * * * Initial Release Added AT89LP51 device Updated Device IDs Lowered Minimum Operating Voltage to 2.4V
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Table of Contents
Features ..................................................................................................... 1 1 Pin Configurations ................................................................................... 2
1.1 1.2 40-lead PDIP .....................................................................................................2 44-lead TQFP ....................................................................................................2
.................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 1.4 1.5 44-lead PLCC ....................................................................................................3 44-pad VQFN/QFN/MLF ....................................................................................3 Pin Description ..................................................................................................4
2
Overview ................................................................................................... 6
2.1 2.2 Block Diagram ...................................................................................................7 Comparison to AT89S51/52 ..............................................................................7
3
Memory Organization ............................................................................ 10
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Program Memory .............................................................................................10 Internal Data Memory ......................................................................................12 External Data Memory .....................................................................................13 In-Application Programming (IAP) ...................................................................22
4 5
Special Function Registers ................................................................... 23 Enhanced CPU ....................................................................................... 24
5.1 5.2 5.3 Fast Mode ........................................................................................................24 Compatibility Mode ..........................................................................................25 Enhanced Dual Data Pointers .........................................................................25
6
System Clock ......................................................................................... 28
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Crystal Oscillator .............................................................................................28 External Clock Source .....................................................................................29 Internal RC Oscillator ......................................................................................29 System Clock Divider ......................................................................................30
7
Reset ....................................................................................................... 31
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Power-on Reset ...............................................................................................31 Brown-out Reset ..............................................................................................32 External Reset .................................................................................................32 Watchdog Reset ..............................................................................................33 Software Reset ................................................................................................33 i
3709B-MICRO-12/10
Table of Contents (Continued)
8 Power Saving Modes ............................................................................. 33
8.1 8.2 8.3 Idle Mode .........................................................................................................33 Power-down Mode ...........................................................................................34 Reducing Power Consumption ........................................................................36
9
Interrupts ................................................................................................ 36
9.1 Interrupt Response Time .................................................................................37
10 I/O Ports .................................................................................................. 40
10.1 10.2 10.3 Port Configuration ............................................................................................40 Port Read-Modify-Write ...................................................................................43 Port Alternate Functions ..................................................................................44
11 Timer 0 and Timer 1 ............................................................................... 45
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Mode 0 - 13-bit Timer/Counter ........................................................................46 Mode 1 - 16-bit Timer/Counter ........................................................................46 Mode 2 - 8-bit Auto-Reload Timer/Counter .....................................................47 Mode 3 - 8-bit Split Timer ...............................................................................47 Clock Output (Pin Toggle Mode) .....................................................................48
12 Timer 2 .................................................................................................... 50
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Timer 2 Registers ............................................................................................51 Capture Mode ..................................................................................................52 Auto-Reload Mode ...........................................................................................52 Baud Rate Generator ......................................................................................54 Frequency Generator (Programmable Clock Out) ...........................................55
13 External Interrupts ................................................................................. 56 14 Serial Interface (UART) .......................................................................... 56
14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Multiprocessor Communications .....................................................................58 Baud Rates ......................................................................................................58 Framing Error Detection ..................................................................................60 Automatic Address Recognition ......................................................................60 More About Mode 0 .........................................................................................62 More About Mode 1 .........................................................................................68 More About Modes 2 and 3 .............................................................................70
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Table of Contents (Continued)
15 Programmable Watchdog Timer ........................................................... 73
15.1 Software Reset ................................................................................................73
16 Instruction Set Summary ...................................................................... 75 17 Programming the Flash Memory .......................................................... 79
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 Physical Interface ............................................................................................79 Memory Organization ......................................................................................81 Command Format ............................................................................................82 Status Register ................................................................................................85 DATA Polling ...................................................................................................85 Flash Security ..................................................................................................85 User Configuration Fuses ................................................................................86 User Signature .................................................................................................87 Programming Interface Timing ........................................................................87
18 Electrical Characteristics ...................................................................... 92
18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Absolute Maximum Ratings* ...........................................................................92 DC Characteristics ...........................................................................................92 Typical Characteristics ....................................................................................93 Clock Characteristics .......................................................................................96 Reset Characteristics ......................................................................................97 External Memory Characteristics .....................................................................98 Serial Port Timing: Shift Register Mode ........................................................100 Test Conditions ..............................................................................................100
19 Ordering Information ........................................................................... 103
19.1 Green Package Option (Pb/Halide-free) ........................................................103
20 Packaging Information ........................................................................ 104
20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 44A - TQFP ...................................................................................................104 40P6 - PDIP ..................................................................................................105 44J - PLCC ...................................................................................................106 44M1 - VQFN/MLF .......................................................................................107
21 Revision History ................................................................................... 108
iii
3709B-MICRO-12/10
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3709B-MICRO-12/10
Atmel Corporation 2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 USA Tel: (+1) (408) 441-0311 Fax: (+1) (408) 487-2600 www.atmel.com 8051@atmel.com
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